Biological and Medical Sensor Technologies

8 Solid-State Gas Sensors for Clinical Diagnosis

Giovanni Neri

CONTENTS

8.1     Introduction

8.2     Working Principles of Solid-State Sensors

8.2.1     Resistive Gas Sensors

8.2.2     Electrochemical Gas Sensors

8.2.3     Capacitive Gas Sensors

8.3     Clinical Diagnosis through Breath Analysis

8.3.1     Breath Sampling

8.3.2     Breath Composition

8.3.3     Biomarkers

8.3.3.1     Ethanol

8.3.3.2     Acetone

8.3.3.3     Carbon Monoxide

8.3.3.4     Ammonia and Amine

8.3.3.5     Nitric Oxide

8.3.3.6     Carbonyl Sulfide

8.3.3.7     Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

8.3.3.8     Inorganic Gases (H₂S, H₂, H₂O₂)

8.4     Gas Sensors for Clinical Diagnosis

8.4.1     Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and Humidity Sensors

8.4.2     Acetone Sensors

8.4.3     Carbon Monoxide ...