Chemical Process Safety: Fundamentals with Applications, 4th Edition
by Daniel A. Crowl, Joseph F. Louvar
Chapter 2. Toxicology
The learning objectives for this chapter are:
Learn how toxicants enter and are eliminated from the body.
Understand effects of toxicants, including response to dose.
Use probit equations to determine response to dose.
Understand exposure limits, such as threshold limit value (TLV) and permissible exposure level (PEL).
Many years ago, toxicology was defined as the science of poisons. Unfortunately, the word poison could not be defined adequately. Paracelsus, an early investigator of toxicology during the 1500s, stated the problem: “All substances are poisons; there is none which is not a poison. The right dose differentiates a poison and a remedy.” Harmless substances, such as water, can become fatal if delivered to the ...
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