1Introduction
1.1 Present Status of Grid Operation
1.1.1 General
An electric power grid is a network of synchronized power providers and consumers that are connected by transmission and distribution lines and operated by one or more control centres. In the past, electric grids meant mainly high‐voltage transmission grids. However, more recently microgrids at power distribution level have been researched and developed.
Electrical energy emerged about 125 years ago for street lighting. However, due to its tremendous versatility and the ability of power engineers to deliver it at affordable cost and high reliability, electrical energy is now regarded as a necessity (along with food, clothing, shelter, education, and health care) by citizens all over the world. Electrification was considered the greatest engineering achievement of the twentieth century (ahead of the internet). Electricity provided a clean alternative to steam engines in factories for providing motive power. It is now used in homes and offices for cooking, heating, and cooling, and to power appliances and gadgets that are used for cutting down manual labour and improving the quality of service in many spheres of life, including health care, education, and entertainment. In the modern world electricity drives communication equipment and information technology. The application of electrical drives in rail and road transportation can reduce environmental pollution and improve efficiency of energy usage. About 40% of ...
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