book

Electrical Technology, Vol2: Machines and Measurements, 1/e

Name: Electrical Technology, Vol2: Machines and Measurements, 1/e
Author: S. P. Bali
ISBN: 9789332517950

by S. P. Bali

May 2013

Intermediate to advanced

447 pages

17h 56m

English

Pearson India

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Cover
Title Page
Contents
Dedication
Preface
Part B: Electric Machines
Chapter 31. Electromechanical Energy Conversion
31.1 Introduction 31.2 Energy Conversion Devices 31.3 Related Fundamental Laws 31.4 D.c. Motor and Generator Mechanical Construction 31.5 Elementary Generator 31.6 Average e.m.f. Generated in a Quarter Revolution 31.7 Fundamental d.c. Generator Equation for Average e.m.f. Between Brushes 31.8 Biot-Savart Relationship 31.9 Motor Action Versus Generator Action 31.10 Power Flow Diagrams 31.11 Conversion Process in a Machine 31.12 Linear and Rotary Motion 31.13 Methods of Analysis 31.14 Energy Balance 31.15 Rotary Motion 31.16 Doubly Excited Rotating Machines Summary Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) Conventional Questions (CQ)
Chapter 32. D.C. Generators
32.1 Introduction 32.2 Mechanical Construction 32.3 Armature Structure 32.4 Commutator and Brushes 32.5 Armature Windings 32.6 Commutation 32.7 Armature Reaction 32.8 E.M.F. Equation 32.9 Separately Excited Generator 32.10 Basic Generator Types 32.11 Schematic Diagram and Equivalent Circuit 32.12 Characteristics of d.c. Generators 32.13 Generator Losses 32.14 Polarity of Brushes 32.15 Voltage Regulation 32.16 Paralleling of Generators Summary Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ)Conventional Questions (CQ)
Chapter 33. D.C. Motors
33.1 Introduction 33.2 Development and Measurement of Torque 33.3 Prony Brake 33.4 Two-Scale Prony Brake 33.5 Dynamometer 33.6 Back Electromotive Force in a Motor 33.7 Classification of Motors 33.8 Construction 33.9 Characteristics of d.c. Motors 33.10 Relation between Torque and Speed of a Motor 33.11 Direct-Current, Motor Starting Problems 33.12 D.c. Starting Switch 33.13 D.c. Motor Reversing Summary Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) Conventional Questions (CQ)
Chapter 34. Efficiency of Direct Current Machinery
34.1 Introduction 34.2 Basic Efficiency Relationships 34.3 Types of Losses in d.c. Machines 34.4 Motor Enclosures 34.5 Maintenance and Accessibility 34.6 Cooling and Ventilation Summary Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) Conventional Questions (CQ)

Chapter 35. D.C. Motor Control
35.1 Introduction 35.2 Control Devices 35.3 Pilot Control Devices 35.4 Manual d.c. Motor Starters 35.5 Automatic Direct-Current Motor Starters 35.6 Comparison of Manual Versus Automatic Starter 35.7 Reversing Control of Direct Current Motors 35.8 Retardation and Stopping 35.9 Ward-Leonard System Summary Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) Conventional Questions (CQ)
Chapter 36. Transformers—Single Phase
36.1 Introduction 36.2 Mutual Coupling 36.3 Series Connection of Mutually-Coupled Coils 36.4 Parallel Connection of Mutually Coupled Coils 36.5 The Dot Convention 36.6 Preventing Mutual Inducance 36.7 Transformer 36.8 Transformer Construction 36.9 Ideal Transformer 36.10 Transformation Ratio 36.11 General Transformer Equation 36.12 Practical Transformer 36.13 Transformer Ratings 36.14 Transformer Equivalent Circuits 36.15 Secondary Voltage Phasor Relations 36.16 Transformer Voltage Regulation 36.17 Maximum Power Transfer 36.18 Losses in Transformers 36.19 Short Circuit Test 36.20 Open Circuit Test 36.21 Transformer Efficiency 36.22 Autotransformer 36.23 Power Transformers 36.24 Instrument Transformers 36.25 Pulse Transformers 36.26 Transformer Connections Summary Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) Conventional Questions (CQ)
Chapter 37. Three-phase Transformers
37.1 Introduction 37.2 Three-phase Connections of Single-phase Transformers 37.3 Three-phase Transformers 37.4 Paralleling Three-phase Transformer Banks 37.5 Harmonic Suppression in Three-phase Connections Summary Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) Conventional Questions (CQ)
Chapter 38. Synchronous Generators—Alternators
38.1 Introduction 38.2 Physical Construction of d.c. Machines 38.3 Alternator Windings 38.4 Synchronous Alternator 38.5 Stator Windings 38.6 Distribution Factor 38.7 Basic Voltage Generation Formula 38.8 Alternator Performance 38.9 Alternator Percentage Regulation 38.10 Relation between Generated Voltage and Terminal Voltage of an Alternator at Various Load Power Factor 38.11 Equivalent Circuit 38.12 Parallel Operation 38.13 Alternator Synchronizing Procedure Summary Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) Conventional Questions (CQ)
Chapter 39. Synchronous Motors
39.1 Introduction 39.2 General 39.3 Synchronous Motor Construction 39.4 Synchronous Motor Operation 39.5 Starting Synchronous Motors 39.6 Synchronous Motor Power Factor Control 39.7 Synchronous Motor V Curve 39.8 Synchronous Capacitors Summary Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) Conventional Questions (CQ)
Chapter 40. Induction Motors (Three Phase)
40.1 Introduction 40.2 The Rotating Magnetic Field 40.3 Speed of the Rotating Magnetic Field 40.4 Direction of Rotation40.5 Slip and its Effect on Rotor Frequency and Voltage 40.6 Construction of a Three-phase Induction Motor 40.7 Rotor Impedance and Current 40.8 Locus of the Current 40.9 Losses and Efficiency 40.10 Air Gap Power 40.11 Maximum Torque 40.12 Induction Motor Torque-Speed Characteristics 40.13 Wrim and Scim: A Comparison 40.14 Starting Techniques for Induction Motors 40.15 Determination of Induction Motor Parameters Summary Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) Conventional Questions (CQ)
Chapter 41. Induction Motors (Single Phase)
41.1 Introduction 41.2 Classes of Induction Motors 41.3 Getting the Rotor Started 41.4 Construction 41.5 Phase Splitting 41.6 Locked-Rotor Torque 41.7 Resistance-Start Split-Phase Motors 41.8 Capacitor-Start Split-Phase Motors 41.9 Reversing Single-Phase Induction Motors 41.10 Dual-Voltage Operation 41.11 Shaded-Pole Motors Summary Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) Conventional Questions (CQ)
Chapter 42. Specialized Motors
42.1 Introduction 42.2 Reluctance-Start Induction Motor 42.3 Hysteresis Motors 42.4 Stepper Motors 42.5 LIM 42.6 Universal Motors Summary Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) Conventional Questions (CQ)
Chapter 43. Servos and Synchros
43.1 Introduction 43.2 Operational Amplifiers 43.3 Practical Issues 43.4 D.c. Servomotors 43.5 A.c. Servomotors 43.6 Synchros Summary Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) Conventional Questions (CQ)
Chapter 44. Open-Loop and Closed-Loop Systems
44.1 Introduction 44.2 Control System 44.3 Servomechanisms 44.4 Open-Loop and Closed-Loop Systems 44.5 Automation 44.6 Components of a Control System 44.7 Transfer Function 44.8 Regulators and Servomechanisms 44.9 Transient Periods 44.10 Damping 44.11 The Basic Feedback Control System 44.12 The Integrator 44.13 Steady-State Operation of a Compound Generator 44.14 Automatic Frequency Control Summary Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) Conventional Questions (CQ)
Chapter 45. Inverters and Converters
45.1 Introduction 45.2 Converting Machines 45.3 Rectifiers: a.c. to d.c. Conversion 45.4 Three-phase Full-wave Rectifiers 45.5 Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS) 45.6 Inverters Changing d.c. Voltage to a.c. Voltage Summary Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) Conventional Questions (CQ)
Chapter 46. Controlled Rectifiers
46.1 Introduction 46.2 Direct Thyratron Control 46.3 Thyristor Control of Motors 46.4 Thyristor Control of Motor 46.5 Universal Motor Control 46.6 Complete Control System Summary Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) Conventional Questions (CQ)
Chapter 47. Per-unit System
47.1 Introduction 47.2 Resistance as Per Unit Quantity 47.3 Impedance as a Per-unit Quantity 47.4 Per-unit Quantities for Three-phase Circuits 47.5 Per-unit System-Transformer Calculations Summary Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) Conventional Questions (CQ)
Part C: Electrical Measurements
Chapter 48. Measurements and Error
48.1 Introduction 48.2 Definitions 48.3 Accuracy to Measure Electron Performance 48.4 Factors Affecting Accuracy 48.5 Measurement Systems 48.6 Calibration Summary Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) Conventional Questions (CQ)
Chapter 49. Meter Movement
49.1 Introduction 49.2 Design Principles 49.3 Meters 49.4 Moving-Coil Instruments 49.5 Classification of Measuring Instruments 49.6 Gravity Control 49.7 Moving-Iron Instruments 49.8 Polarized Moving-Iron Instrument 49.9 Dynamometer-Type Instruments 49.10 Induction-Type Instruments 49.11 Hot-Wire Instruments 49.12 Thermocouple Instruments 49.13 Galvanometers 49.14 The Electrostatic Voltmeter Summary Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) Conventional Questions (CQ)
Chapter 50. Ammeters, Voltmeters and Ohmmeters
50.1 Introduction 50.2 Special Features 50.3 Ammeters 50.4 Voltmeters 50.5 Ohmmeters 50.6 Measurement of Insulation Resistance Summary Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) Conventional Questions (CQ)
Chapter 51. Watt Meters and Energy Meters
51.1 Introduction 51.2 Watt Meters 51.3 Dynamometer-Type Watt Meter 51.4 Compensating Coil 51.5 Induction-Type Watt Meters 51.6 Energy Meters 51.7 General Classification 51.8 Direct Current Types 51.9 Alternating Current Types (Induction Watt-Hour Meters) 51.10 Poly-Phase Induction Watt-Hour Meters 51.11 Errors in Energy Meters 51.12 Measurement of Power in Three-phase Circuits 51.13 Measurement of Three-phase Power Summary Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) Conventional Questions (CQ)
Chapter 52. Multimeters—V.O.Ms
52.1 Introduction 52.2 Direct Current Ranges 52.3 Direct Voltage Ranges 52.4 Multi-Range Ohmmeters 52.5 Alternating Current Ranges 52.6 Alternating Voltage Ranges 52.7 V.O.M. Specifications 52.8 The Simpson Model 260 Multi-Meter 52.9 Digital Multi-Meters Summary Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) Conventional Questions (CQ)
Chapter 53. The Oscilloscope
53.1 Introduction 53.2 CRT 53.3 Intensity 53.4 Fluorescent Screen 53.5 Focusing 53.6 Deflection 53.7 Time Base 53.8 Graticules 53.9 Block Diagram Summary Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) Conventional Questions (CQ)
Chapter 54. Oscilloscope Techniques
54.1 Introduction 54.2 Preliminary Checks 54.3 Screen Pattern Obtained with Deflection Voltages 54.4 Voltage and Current Measurements Summary
Copyright
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Content preview from Electrical Technology, Vol2: Machines and Measurements, 1/e

44 Open-Loop and Closed-Loop System

OBJECTIVES

In this chapter you will learn about:

The difference between open-loop and closed-loop systems
How feedback signals are compared with input signals to give the error signal
To have an appreciation of transients and the concept of damping
To explain the setting time for a signal
To understand open-loop gain and closed-loop gain and the relations between the two
To understand the importance of integration

Feedback control system

44.1 INTRODUCTION

All the elements necessary to accomplish the control objective are described by the term control system. Control means methods to force parameters ...

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Electrical Technology, Vol2: Machines and Measurements, 1/e

by S. P. Bali

44