92 ◾ Green IT Strategies and Applications
(2011), the value-based approach is not entirely based on the profit-cost difference. Freeman et al.
(2007–2008) and Figge and Hahn (2005) have outlined and expanded on the various values that
need to be considered by firms in their measurement of return on investment (ROI). ey are the
utility value, (assessed subjectively by customers and related to the concept of product quality),
exchange value (realized in the form of revenue), and essential value (realized in the fundamental
improvement of the societal condition). ese values, as shown in Figure 3.6, directly affect the
“delta” green value—that is from the current green value of the organization to its future green
value and form an important pa ...