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Hughes/Computer Graphics, 3/E

Name: Hughes/Computer Graphics, 3/E
ISBN: 9780133373721

by Kurt Akeley, James D. Foley, David F. Sklar, Morgan McGuire, John F. Hughes, Andries van Dam, Steven K. Feiner

August 2013

Beginner to intermediate

1264 pages

52h 45m

English

Addison-Wesley Professional

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About This eBook
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication Page
Contents at a Glance
Contents
Preface
Historical ApproachesPedagogyCurrent PracticePrinciplesPrerequisitesPaths through This BookDifferences from the Previous EditionWebsiteAcknowledgmentsFor the StudentFor the Teacher
About the Authors
Chapter 1. Introduction
1.1. An Introduction to Computer Graphics1.2. A Brief History1.3. An Illuminating Example1.4. Goals, Resources, and Appropriate Abstractions1.5. Some Numbers and Orders of Magnitude in Graphics1.6. The Graphics Pipeline1.7. Relationship of Graphics to Art, Design, and Perception1.8. Basic Graphics Systems1.9. Polygon Drawing As a Black Box1.10. Interaction in Graphics Systems1.11. Different Kinds of Graphics Applications1.12. Different Kinds of Graphics Packages1.13. Building Blocks for Realistic Rendering: A Brief Overview1.14. Learning Computer Graphics
Chapter 2. Introduction to 2D Graphics Using WPF
2.1. Introduction2.2. Overview of the 2D Graphics Pipeline2.3. The Evolution of 2D Graphics Platforms2.4. Specifying a 2D Scene Using WPF2.5. Dynamics in 2D Graphics Using WPF2.6. Supporting a Variety of Form Factors2.7. Discussion and Further Reading

Chapter 3. An Ancient Renderer Made Modern
3.1. A Dürer Woodcut3.2. Visibility3.3. Implementation3.4. The Program3.5. Limitations3.6. Discussion and Further Reading3.7. Exercises
Chapter 4. A 2D Graphics Test Bed
4.1. Introduction4.2. Details of the Test Bed4.3. The C# Code4.4. Animation4.5. Interaction4.6. An Application of the Test Bed4.7. Discussion4.8. Exercises
Chapter 5. An Introduction to Human Visual Perception
5.1. Introduction5.2. The Visual System5.3. The Eye5.4. Constancy and Its Influences5.5. Continuation5.6. Shadows5.7. Discussion and Further Reading5.8. Exercises
Chapter 6. Introduction to Fixed-Function 3D Graphics and Hierarchical Modeling
6.1. Introduction6.2. Introducing Mesh and Lighting Specification6.3. Curved-Surface Representation and Rendering6.4. Surface Texture in WPF6.5. The WPF Reflectance Model6.6. Hierarchical Modeling Using a Scene Graph6.7. Discussion
Chapter 7. Essential Mathematics and the Geometry of 2-Space and 3-Space
7.1. Introduction7.2. Notation7.3. Sets7.4. Functions7.5. Coordinates7.6. Operations on Coordinates7.7. Intersections of Lines7.8. Intersections, More Generally7.9. Triangles7.10. Polygons7.11. Discussion7.12. Exercises
Chapter 8. A Simple Way to Describe Shape in 2D and 3D
8.1. Introduction8.2. “Meshes” in 2D: Polylines8.3. Meshes in 3D8.4. Discussion and Further Reading8.5. Exercises
Chapter 9. Functions on Meshes
9.1. Introduction9.2. Code for Barycentric Interpolation9.3. Limitations of Piecewise Linear Extension9.4. Smoother Extensions9.5. Functions Multiply Defined at Vertices9.6. Application: Texture Mapping9.7. Discussion9.8. Exercises
Chapter 10. Transformations in Two Dimensions
10.1. Introduction10.2. Five Examples10.3. Important Facts about Transformations10.4. Translation10.5. Points and Vectors Again10.6. Why Use 3 × 3 Matrices Instead of a Matrix and a Vector?10.7. Windowing Transformations10.8. Building 3D Transformations10.9. Another Example of Building a 2D Transformation10.10. Coordinate Frames10.11. Application: Rendering from a Scene Graph10.12. Transforming Vectors and Covectors10.13. More General Transformations10.14. Transformations versus Interpolation10.15. Discussion and Further Reading10.16. Exercises
Chapter 11. Transformations in Three Dimensions
11.1. Introduction11.2. Rotations11.3. Comparing Representations11.4. Rotations versus Rotation Specifications11.5. Interpolating Matrix Transformations11.6. Virtual Trackball and Arcball11.7. Discussion and Further Reading11.8. Exercises
Chapter 12. A 2D and 3D Transformation Library for Graphics
12.1. Introduction12.2. Points and Vectors12.3. Transformations12.4. Specification of Transformations12.5. Implementation12.6. Three Dimensions12.7. Associated Transformations12.8. Other Structures12.9. Other Approaches12.10. Discussion12.11. Exercises
Chapter 13. Camera Specifications and Transformations
13.1. Introduction13.2. A 2D Example13.3. Perspective Camera Specification13.4. Building Transformations from a View Specification13.5. Camera Transformations and the Rasterizing Renderer Pipeline13.6. Perspective and z-values13.7. Camera Transformations and the Modeling Hierarchy13.8. Orthographic Cameras13.9. Discussion and Further Reading13.10. Exercises
Chapter 14. Standard Approximations and Representations
14.1. Introduction14.2. Evaluating Representations14.3. Real Numbers14.4. Building Blocks of Ray Optics14.5. Large-Scale Object Geometry14.6. Distant Objects14.7. Volumetric Models14.8. Scene Graphs14.9. Material Models14.10. Translucency and Blending14.11. Luminaire Models14.12. Discussion14.13. Exercises
Chapter 15. Ray Casting and Rasterization
15.1. Introduction15.2. High-Level Design Overview15.3. Implementation Platform15.4. A Ray-Casting Renderer15.5. Intermezzo15.6. Rasterization15.7. Rendering with a Rasterization API15.8. Performance and Optimization15.9. Discussion15.10. Exercises
Chapter 16. Survey of Real-Time 3D Graphics Platforms
16.1. Introduction16.2. The Programmer’s Model: OpenGL Compatibility (Fixed-Function) Profile16.3. The Programmer’s Model: OpenGL Programmable Pipeline16.4. Architectures of Graphics Applications16.5. 3D on Other Platforms16.6. Discussion
Chapter 17. Image Representation and Manipulation
17.1. Introduction17.2. What Is an Image?17.3. Image File Formats17.4. Image Compositing17.5. Other Image Types17.6. MIP Maps17.7. Discussion and Further Reading17.8. Exercises
Chapter 18. Images and Signal Processing
18.1. Introduction18.2. Historical Motivation18.3. Convolution18.4. Properties of Convolution18.5. Convolution-like Computations18.6. Reconstruction18.7. Function Classes18.8. Sampling18.9. Mathematical Considerations18.10. The Fourier Transform: Definitions18.11. The Fourier Transform of a Function on an Interval18.12. Generalizations to Larger Intervals and All of R18.13. Examples of Fourier Transforms18.14. An Approximation of Sampling18.15. Examples Involving Limits18.16. The Inverse Fourier Transform18.17. Properties of the Fourier Transform18.18. Applications18.19. Reconstruction and Band Limiting18.20. Aliasing Revisited18.21. Discussion and Further Reading18.22. Exercises
Chapter 19. Enlarging and Shrinking Images
19.1. Introduction19.2. Enlarging an Image19.3. Scaling Down an Image19.4. Making the Algorithms Practical19.5. Finite-Support Approximations19.6. Other Image Operations and Efficiency19.7. Discussion and Further Reading19.8. Exercises
Chapter 20. Textures and Texture Mapping
20.1. Introduction20.2. Variations of Texturing20.3. Building Tangent Vectors from a Parameterization20.4. Codomains for Texture Maps20.5. Assigning Texture Coordinates20.6. Application Examples20.7. Sampling, Aliasing, Filtering, and Reconstruction20.8. Texture Synthesis20.9. Data-Driven Texture Synthesis20.10. Discussion and Further Reading20.11. Exercises
Chapter 21. Interaction Techniques
21.1. Introduction21.2. User Interfaces and Computer Graphics21.3. Multitouch Interaction for 2D Manipulation21.4. Mouse-Based Object Manipulation in 3D21.5. Mouse-Based Camera Manipulation: Unicam21.6. Choosing the Best Interface21.7. Some Interface Examples21.8. Discussion and Further Reading21.9. Exercises
Chapter 22. Splines and Subdivision Curves
22.1. Introduction22.2. Basic Polynomial Curves22.3. Fitting a Curve Segment between Two Curves: The Hermite Curve22.4. Gluing Together Curves and the Catmull-Rom Spline22.5. Cubic B-splines22.6. Subdivision Curves22.7. Discussion and Further Reading22.8. Exercises
Chapter 23. Splines and Subdivision Surfaces
23.1. Introduction23.2. Bézier Patches23.3. Catmull-Clark Subdivision Surfaces23.4. Modeling with Subdivision Surfaces23.5. Discussion and Further Reading
Chapter 24. Implicit Representations of Shape
24.1. Introduction24.2. Implicit Curves24.3. Implicit Surfaces24.4. Representing Implicit Functions24.5. Other Representations of Implicit Functions24.6. Conversion to Polyhedral Meshes24.7. Conversion from Polyhedral Meshes to Implicits24.8. Texturing Implicit Models24.9. Ray Tracing Implicit Surfaces24.10. Implicit Shapes in Animation24.11. Discussion and Further Reading24.12. Exercises
Chapter 25. Meshes
25.1. Introduction25.2. Mesh Topology25.3. Mesh Geometry25.4. Level of Detail25.5. Mesh Applications 1: Marching Cubes, Mesh Repair, and Mesh Improvement25.6. Mesh Applications 2: Deformation Transfer and Triangle-Order Optimization25.7. Discussion and Further Reading25.8. Exercises
Chapter 26. Light
26.1. Introduction26.2. The Physics of Light26.3. The Microscopic View26.4. The Wave Nature of Light26.5. Fresnel’s Law and Polarization26.6. Modeling Light as a Continuous Flow26.7. Measuring Light26.8. Other Measurements26.9. The Derivative Approach26.10. Reflectance26.11. Discussion and Further Reading26.12. Exercises
Chapter 27. Materials and Scattering
27.1. Introduction27.2. Object-Level Scattering27.3. Surface Scattering27.4. Kinds of Scattering27.5. Empirical and Phenomenological Models for Scattering27.6. Measured Models27.7. Physical Models for Specular and Diffuse Reflection27.8. Physically Based Scattering Models27.9. Representation Choices27.10. Criteria for Evaluation27.11. Variations across Surfaces27.12. Suitability for Human Use27.13. More Complex Scattering27.14. Software Interface to Material Models27.15. Discussion and Further Reading27.16. Exercises
Chapter 28. Color
28.1. Introduction28.2. Spectral Distribution of Light28.3. The Phenomenon of Color Perception and the Physiology of the Eye28.4. The Perception of Color28.5. Color Description28.6. Conventional Color Wisdom28.7. Color Perception Strengths and Weaknesses28.8. Standard Description of Colors28.9. Perceptual Color Spaces28.10. Intermezzo28.11. White28.12. Encoding of Intensity, Exponents, and Gamma Correction28.13. Describing Color28.14. CMY and CMYK Color28.15. The YIQ Color Model28.16. Video Standards28.17. HSV and HLS28.18. Interpolating Color28.19. Using Color in Computer Graphics28.20. Discussion and Further Reading28.21. Exercises
Chapter 29. Light Transport
29.1. Introduction29.2. Light Transport29.3. A Peek Ahead29.4. The Rendering Equation for General Scattering29.5. Scattering, Revisited29.6. A Worked Example29.7. Solving the Rendering Equation29.8. The Classification of Light-Transport Paths29.9. Discussion29.10. Exercise
Chapter 30. Probability and Monte Carlo Integration
30.1. Introduction30.2. Numerical Integration30.3. Random Variables and Randomized Algorithms30.4. Continuum Probability, Continued30.5. Importance Sampling and Integration30.6. Mixed Probabilities30.7. Discussion and Further Reading30.8. Exercises
Chapter 31. Computing Solutions to the Rendering Equation: Theoretical Approaches
31.1. Introduction31.2. Approximate Solutions of Equations31.3. Method 1: Approximating the Equation31.4. Method 2: Restricting the Domain31.5. Method 3: Using Statistical Estimators31.6. Method 4: Bisection31.7. Other Approaches31.8. The Rendering Equation, Revisited31.9. What Do We Need to Compute?31.10. The Discretization Approach: Radiosity31.11. Separation of Transport Paths31.12. Series Solution of the Rendering Equation31.13. Alternative Formulations of Light Transport31.14. Approximations of the Series Solution31.15. Approximating Scattering: Spherical Harmonics31.16. Introduction to Monte Carlo Approaches31.17. Tracing Paths31.18. Path Tracing and Markov Chains31.19. Photon Mapping31.20. Discussion and Further Reading31.21. Exercises
Chapter 32. Rendering in Practice
32.1. Introduction32.2. Representations32.3. Surface Representations and Representing BSDFs Locally32.4. Representation of Light32.5. A Basic Path Tracer32.6. Photon Mapping32.7. Generalizations32.8. Rendering and Debugging32.9. Discussion and Further Reading32.10. Exercises
Chapter 33. Shaders
33.1. Introduction33.2. The Graphics Pipeline in Several Forms33.3. Historical Development33.4. A Simple Graphics Program with Shaders33.5. A Phong Shader33.6. Environment Mapping33.7. Two Versions of Toon Shading33.8. Basic XToon Shading33.9. Discussion and Further Reading33.10. Exercises
Chapter 34. Expressive Rendering
34.1. Introduction34.2. The Challenges of Expressive Rendering34.3. Marks and Strokes34.4. Perception and Salient Features34.5. Geometric Curve Extraction34.6. Abstraction34.7. Discussion and Further Reading
Chapter 35. Motion
35.1. Introduction35.2. Motivating Examples35.3. Considerations for Rendering35.4. Representations35.5. Pose Interpolation35.6. Dynamics35.7. Remarks on Stability in Dynamics35.8. Discussion
Chapter 36. Visibility Determination
36.1. Introduction36.2. Ray Casting36.3. The Depth Buffer36.4. List-Priority Algorithms36.5. Frustum Culling and Clipping36.6. Backface Culling36.7. Hierarchical Occlusion Culling36.8. Sector-based Conservative Visibility36.9. Partial Coverage36.10. Discussion and Further Reading36.11. Exercise
Chapter 37. Spatial Data Structures
37.1. Introduction37.2. Programmatic Interfaces37.3. Characterizing Data Structures37.4. Overview of k-dimensional Structures37.5. List37.6. Trees37.7. Grid37.8. Discussion and Further Reading
Chapter 38. Modern Graphics Hardware
38.1. Introduction38.2. NVIDIA GeForce 9800 GTX38.3. Architecture and Implementation38.4. Parallelism38.5. Programmability38.6. Texture, Memory, and Latency38.7. Locality38.8. Organizational Alternatives38.9. GPUs as Compute Engines38.10. Discussion and Further Reading38.11. Exercises
List of Principles
Bibliography
Index

Content preview from Hughes/Computer Graphics, 3/E

Preface

About the Authors

1 Introduction

Graphics is a broad field; to understand it, you need information from perception, physics, mathematics, and engineering. Building a graphics application entails user-interface work, some amount of modeling (i.e., making a representation of a shape), and rendering (the making of pictures of shapes). Rendering is often done via a “pipeline” of operations; one can use this pipeline without understanding every detail to make many useful programs. But if we want to render things accurately, we need to start from a physical understanding of light. Knowing just a few properties of light prepares us to make a first approximate renderer.

1.1 An Introduction to Computer Graphics

1.1.1 The World of Computer ...

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Hughes/Computer Graphics, 3/E

by Kurt Akeley, James D. Foley, David F. Sklar, Morgan McGuire, John F. Hughes, Andries van Dam, Steven K. Feiner

Contents

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