book

Learning Java, 3rd Edition

by Patrick Niemeyer, Jonathan Knudsen

May 2005

Intermediate to advanced

976 pages

38h 45m

English

O'Reilly Media, Inc.

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Learning Java
A Note Regarding Supplemental Files
Preface
New DevelopmentsNew in This EditionUsing This BookOnline ExamplesOnline ResourcesConventions Used in This BookUsing Code ExamplesSafari EnabledHow to Contact UsAcknowledgments
1. A Modern Language
1.1. Enter Java1.1.1. Java’s Origins1.1.2. Growing Up1.2. A Virtual Machine1.3. Java Compared with Other Languages1.4. Safety of Design1.4.1. Simplify, Simplify, Simplify...1.4.2. Type Safety and Method Binding1.4.3. Incremental Development1.4.4. Dynamic Memory Management1.4.5. Error Handling1.4.6. Threads1.4.7. Scalability1.5. Safety of Implementation1.5.1. The Verifier1.5.2. Class Loaders1.5.3. Security Managers1.6. Application and User-Level Security1.6.1. Signing Classes1.7. Java and the Web1.7.1. Applets1.7.2. New Kinds of Media1.7.3. New Software Development Models1.8. Java as a General Application Language1.9. A Java Road Map1.9.1. The Past: Java 1.0-Java 1.41.9.2. The Present: Java 5.01.9.3. The Future1.9.4. Availability
2. A First Application
2.1. Java Tools and Environment2.2. HelloJava2.2.1. Classes2.2.2. The main() Method2.2.3. Classes and Objects2.2.4. Variables and Class Types2.2.5. HelloComponent2.2.6. Inheritance2.2.7. The JComponent Class2.2.8. Relationships and Finger Pointing2.2.9. Package and Imports2.2.10. The paintComponent() Method2.3. HelloJava2: The Sequel2.3.1. Instance Variables2.3.2. Constructors2.3.3. Events2.3.4. The repaint() Method2.3.5. Interfaces2.4. HelloJava3: The Button Strikes!2.4.1. Method Overloading2.4.2. Components2.4.3. Containers2.4.4. Layout2.4.5. Subclassing and Subtypes2.4.6. More Events and Interfaces2.4.7. Color Commentary2.4.8. Static Members2.4.9. Arrays2.4.10. Our Color Methods2.5. HelloJava4: Netscape’s Revenge2.5.1. Threads2.5.2. The Thread Class2.5.3. The Runnable Interface2.5.4. Starting the Thread2.5.5. Running Code in the Thread2.5.6. Exceptions2.5.7. Synchronization2.6. Troubleshooting2.6.1. Compilation (javac) Errors2.6.2. Runtime (java) Errors2.6.3. Java Version Problems2.6.4. The getContentPane() Error
3. Tools of the Trade
3.1. The Java VM3.2. Running Java Applications3.2.1. System Properties3.3. The Classpath3.3.1. javap3.4. The Java Compiler3.5. JAR Files3.5.1. File Compression3.5.2. The jar Utility3.5.2.1. JAR manifests3.5.2.2. Making a JAR file runnable3.5.3. The pack200 Utility3.6. Policy Files3.6.1. The Default Security Manager3.6.2. The policytool Utility3.6.3. Using a Policy File with the Default Security Manager
4. The Java Language
4.1. Text Encoding4.2. Comments4.2.1. Javadoc Comments4.2.1.1. Javadoc as metadata4.3. Types4.3.1. Primitive Types4.3.1.1. Floating-point precision4.3.1.2. Variable declaration and initialization4.3.1.3. Integer literals4.3.1.4. Floating-point literals4.3.1.5. Character literals4.3.2. Reference Types4.3.3. A Word About Strings4.4. Statements and Expressions4.4.1. Statements4.4.1.1. if/else conditionals4.4.1.2. do/while loops4.4.1.3. The for loop4.4.1.4. The enhanced for loop4.4.1.5. switch statements4.4.1.6. break/continue4.4.1.7. Unreachable statements4.4.2. Expressions4.4.2.1. Operators4.4.2.2. Assignment4.4.2.3. The null value4.4.2.4. Variable access4.4.2.5. Method invocation4.4.2.6. Object creation4.4.2.7. The instanceof operator4.5. Exceptions4.5.1. Exceptions and Error Classes4.5.2. Exception Handling4.5.3. Bubbling Up4.5.4. Stack Traces4.5.5. Checked and Unchecked Exceptions4.5.6. Throwing Exceptions4.5.6.1. Chaining exceptions4.5.7. try Creep4.5.8. The finally Clause4.5.9. Performance Issues4.6. Assertions4.6.1. Enabling and Disabling Assertions4.6.2. Using Assertions4.7. Arrays4.7.1. Array Types4.7.2. Array Creation and Initialization4.7.3. Using Arrays4.7.4. Anonymous Arrays4.7.5. Multidimensional Arrays4.7.6. Inside Arrays
5. Objects in Java
5.1. Classes5.1.1. Accessing Fields and Methods5.1.2. Static Members5.1.2.1. Constants versus enumerations5.2. Methods5.2.1. Local Variables5.2.2. Shadowing5.2.2.1. The “this” reference5.2.3. Static Methods5.2.4. Initializing Local Variables5.2.5. Argument Passing and References5.2.6. Wrappers for Primitive Types5.2.7. Autoboxing and Unboxing of Primitives5.2.7.1. Performance implications of boxing5.2.8. Variable-Length Argument Lists5.2.9. Method Overloading5.3. Object Creation5.3.1. Constructors5.3.2. Working with Overloaded Constructors5.3.3. Static and Nonstatic Initializer Blocks5.4. Object Destruction5.4.1. Garbage Collection5.4.2. Finalization5.4.3. Weak and Soft References5.5. Enumerations5.5.1. Enum Values5.5.2. Customizing Enumerations
6. Relationships Among Classes
6.1. Subclassing and Inheritance6.1.1. Shadowed Variables6.1.2. Overriding Methods6.1.2.1. @Override6.1.2.2. Overridden methods and dynamic binding6.1.2.3. Static method binding6.1.2.4. final methods and performance6.1.2.5. Compiler optimizations6.1.2.6. Method selection revisited6.1.2.7. Exceptions and overridden methods6.1.2.8. Return types and overridden methods6.1.3. Special References: this and super6.1.4. Casting6.1.4.1. Casting aspersions6.1.5. Using Superclass Constructors6.1.6. Full Disclosure: Constructors and Initialization6.1.7. Abstract Methods and Classes6.2. Interfaces6.2.1. Interfaces as Callbacks6.2.2. Interface Variables6.2.2.1. Flag interfaces6.2.3. Subinterfaces6.2.3.1. Overlapping and conflicting methods6.3. Packages and Compilation Units6.3.1. Compilation Units6.3.2. Package Names6.3.3. Class Visibility6.3.4. Importing Classes6.3.4.1. The unnamed package6.3.4.2. Static imports6.4. Visibility of Variables and Methods6.4.1. Basic Access Modifiers6.4.2. Subclasses and Visibility6.4.3. Interfaces and Visibility6.5. Arrays and the Class Hierarchy6.5.1.6.5.1.1. ArrayStoreException6.6. Inner Classes6.6.1. Inner Classes as Adapters6.6.2. Inner Classes Within Methods6.6.2.1. Limitations on inner classes in methods6.6.2.2. Static inner classes6.6.2.3. Anonymous inner classes6.6.2.4. Scoping of the “this” reference6.6.2.5. How do inner classes really work?6.6.2.6. Security implications
7. Working with Objects and Classes
7.1. The Object Class7.1.1. Equality and Equivalence7.1.2. Hashcodes7.1.3. Cloning Objects7.2. The Class Class7.3. Reflection7.3.1. Modifiers and Security7.3.2. Accessing Fields7.3.3. Accessing Methods7.3.4. Accessing Constructors7.3.5. What About Arrays?7.3.6. Accessing Generic Type Information7.3.7. Accessing Annotation Data7.3.8. Dynamic Interface Adapters7.3.9. What Is Reflection Good For?7.3.9.1. The BeanShell Java scripting language7.4. Annotations7.4.1. Using Annotations7.4.2. Standard Annotations7.4.3. The apt Tool

8. Generics
8.1. Containers: Building a Better Mousetrap8.1.1. Can Containers Be Fixed?8.2. Enter Generics8.2.1. Talking About Types8.3. “There Is No Spoon”8.3.1. Erasure8.3.2. Raw Types8.4. Parameterized Type Relationships8.4.1. Why Isn’t a List<Date> a List<Object>?8.5. Casts8.6. Writing Generic Classes8.6.1. The Type Variable8.6.2. Subclassing Generics8.6.3. Exceptions and Generics8.6.3.1. No generic Throwables8.6.4. Parameter Type Limitations8.6.4.1. Using Class<T>8.7. Bounds8.7.1. Erasure and Bounds (Working with Legacy Code)8.8. Wildcards8.8.1. A Supertype of All Instantiations8.8.2. Bounded Wildcards8.8.3. Thinking Outside the Container8.8.4. Lower Bounds8.8.5. Reading, Writing, and Arithmetic8.8.6. <?>, <Object>, and the Raw Type8.8.7. Wildcard Type Relationships8.9. Generic Methods8.9.1. Generic Methods Introduced8.9.2. Type Inference from Arguments8.9.3. Type Inference from Assignment Context8.9.4. Explicit Type Invocation8.9.5. Wildcard Capture8.9.6. Wildcard Types Versus Generic Methods8.10. Arrays of Parameterized Types8.10.1. Using Array Types8.10.2. What Good Are Arrays of Generic Types?8.10.3. Wildcards in Array Types8.11. Case Study: The Enum Class8.12. Case Study: The sort() Method8.13. Conclusion
9. Threads
9.1. Introducing Threads9.1.1. The Thread Class and the Runnable Interface9.1.1.1. Creating and starting threads9.1.1.2. A natural-born thread9.1.1.3. Using an adapter9.1.2. Controlling Threads9.1.2.1. Deprecated methods9.1.2.2. The sleep() method9.1.2.3. The join() method9.1.2.4. The interrupt() method9.1.3. Death of a Thread9.2. Threading an Applet9.2.1.9.2.1.1. Issues lurking9.3. Synchronization9.3.1. Serializing Access to Methods9.3.2.9.3.2.1. Accessing variables9.3.2.2. Reentrant locking9.3.3. The wait() and notify() Methods9.3.3.1. Wait conditions9.3.4. Passing Messages9.3.4.1. Food for thought9.3.5. ThreadLocal Objects9.4. Scheduling and Priority9.4.1. Thread State9.4.2. Time-Slicing9.4.3. Priorities9.4.4. Native Threads9.4.5. Yielding9.5. Thread Groups9.5.1. Working with ThreadGroups9.5.2. Uncaught Exceptions9.6. Thread Performance9.6.1. The Cost of Synchronization9.6.2. Thread Resource Consumption9.7. Concurrency Utilities9.7.1. Executors9.7.1.1. Tasks with results: Callable and Future9.7.1.2. ExecutorService9.7.1.3. Collective tasks9.7.1.4. Scheduled tasks9.7.1.5. CompletionService9.7.1.6. The ThreadPoolExecutor implementation9.7.1.7. Thread production9.7.2. Locks9.7.2.1. Read and write locks9.7.2.2. Conditions9.7.3. Synchronization Constructs9.7.3.1. CountDownLatch9.7.3.2. Semaphore9.7.3.3. CyclicBarrier9.7.3.4. Exchanger9.7.4. Atomic Operations9.7.4.1. Weak implementations9.7.4.2. Field updaters9.8. Conclusion
10. Working with Text
10.1. Text-Related APIs10.2. Strings10.2.1. Constructing Strings10.2.2. Strings from Things10.2.3. Comparing Strings10.2.3.1. The Collator class10.2.4. Searching10.2.5. Editing10.2.6. String Method Summary10.2.7. StringBuilder and StringBuffer10.3. Internationalization10.3.1. The java.util.Locale Class10.3.2. Resource Bundles10.4. Parsing and Formatting Text10.4.1. Parsing Primitive Numbers10.4.1.1. Working with alternate bases10.4.1.2. Number formats10.4.2. Tokenizing Text10.4.2.1. StringTokenizer10.5. Printf-Style Formatting10.5.1. Formatter10.5.2. The Format String10.5.3. String Conversions10.5.3.1. Width, precision, and justification10.5.3.2. Uppercase10.5.3.3. Numbered arguments10.5.4. Primitive and Numeric Conversions10.5.5. Flags10.5.6. Miscellaneous10.6. Formatting with the java.text Package10.6.1. MessageFormat10.7. Regular Expressions10.7.1. Regex Notation10.7.1.1. Write once, run away10.7.1.2. Escaped characters10.7.1.3. Characters and character classes10.7.1.4. Custom character classes10.7.1.5. Position markers10.7.1.6. Iteration (multiplicity)10.7.1.7. Grouping10.7.1.8. Capture groups10.7.1.9. Numbering10.7.1.10. Alternation10.7.1.11. Special options10.7.1.12. Greediness10.7.1.13. Lookaheads and lookbehinds10.7.2. The java.util.regex API10.7.2.1. Pattern10.7.2.2. The Matcher10.7.2.3. Splitting and tokenizing strings10.7.2.4. Another look at Scanner10.7.2.5. Replacing text10.7.2.6. The simple template engine
11. Core Utilities
11.1. Math Utilities11.1.1. The java.lang.Math Class11.1.2. The java.math Package11.1.3. Random Numbers11.2. Dates and Times11.2.1. Working with Calendars11.2.2. Time Zones11.2.2.1. Locale11.2.3. Parsing and Formatting with DateFormat11.2.4. Printf-Style Date and Time Formatting11.3. Timers11.4. Collections11.4.1. The Collection Interface11.4.1.1. Generics and collections11.4.1.2. Runtime versus compile-time safety11.4.1.3. Collections and arrays11.4.2. Iteration11.4.2.1. For-loop over collections11.4.2.2. java.util.Enumeration11.4.3. Collection Types11.4.3.1. Set11.4.3.2. List11.4.3.3. Queue11.4.3.4. BlockingQueue11.4.4. The Map Interface11.4.4.1. ConcurrentMap11.4.5. Collection Implementations11.4.5.1. Arrays11.4.5.2. Linked lists11.4.5.3. Trees11.4.5.4. Hash maps11.4.5.5. Java Collections implementations11.4.6. Hash Codes and Key Values11.4.7. Synchronized and Unsynchronized Collections11.4.7.1. Synchronizing iterators11.4.7.2. ConcurrentHashMap and ConcurrentLinkedQueue11.4.8. Read-Only and Read-Mostly Collections11.4.8.1. Copy on write (“read-mostly”) collections11.4.9. WeakHashMap11.4.10. EnumSet and EnumMap11.4.11. Sorting Collections11.4.12. A Thrilling Example11.5. Properties11.5.1. Loading and Storing11.5.1.1. Storing as XML11.5.2. System Properties11.6. The Preferences API11.6.1. Preferences for Classes11.6.2. Preferences Storage11.6.3. Change Notification11.7. The Logging API11.7.1. Overview11.7.1.1. Loggers11.7.1.2. Handlers11.7.1.3. Filters11.7.1.4. Formatters11.7.2. Logging Levels11.7.3. A Simple Example11.7.4. Logging Setup Properties11.7.5. The Logger11.7.6. Performance11.8. Observers and Observables
12. Input/Output Facilities
12.1. Streams12.1.1. Terminal I/O12.1.2. Character Streams12.1.3. Stream Wrappers12.1.3.1. Data streams12.1.3.2. Buffered streams12.1.3.3. PrintWriter and PrintStream12.1.4. Pipes12.1.5. Streams from Strings and Back12.1.6. The rot13InputStream Class12.2. Files12.2.1. The java.io.File Class12.2.1.1. File constructors12.2.1.2. Path localization12.2.1.3. File operations12.2.2. File Streams12.2.3. RandomAccessFile12.2.4. Applets and Files12.3. Serialization12.3.1. Initialization with readObject()12.3.2. SerialVersionUID12.4. Data Compression12.4.1. Archives and Compressed Data12.4.2. Decompressing Data12.5. The NIO Package12.5.1. Asynchronous I/O12.5.2. Performance12.5.3. Mapped and Locked Files12.5.4. Channels12.5.5. Buffers12.5.5.1. Buffer operations12.5.5.2. Buffer types12.5.5.3. Byte order12.5.5.4. Allocating buffers12.5.6. Character Encoders and Decoders12.5.6.1. CharsetEncoder and CharsetDecoder12.5.7. FileChannel12.5.7.1. Concurrent access12.5.7.2. File locking12.5.7.3. Memory-mapped files12.5.7.4. Direct transfer12.5.8. Scalable I/O with NIO
13. Network Programming
13.1. Sockets13.1.1. Clients and Servers13.1.1.1. Clients13.1.1.2. Servers13.1.1.3. Sockets and security13.1.2. The DateAtHost Client13.1.3. The TinyHttpd Server13.1.3.1. Do French web servers speak French?13.1.3.2. Taming the daemon13.1.3.3. Room for improvement13.1.4. Socket Options13.1.4.1. SO_TIMEOUT13.1.4.2. TCP_NODELAY13.1.4.3. SO_LINGER13.1.4.4. TCP_KEEPALIVE13.1.4.5. Half-close13.1.5. Proxies and Firewalls13.1.5.1. ProxySelector13.2. Datagram Sockets13.2.1. The HeartBeat Applet13.2.1.1. The HeartBeat applet code13.2.1.2. The Pulse server code13.2.2. InetAddress13.3. Simple Serialized Object Protocols13.3.1. A Simple Object-Based Server13.3.1.1. Limitations13.4. Remote Method Invocation13.4.1. Remote and Nonremote Objects13.4.1.1. Stubs and skeletons (be gone!)13.4.1.2. Remote interfaces13.4.1.3. Exporting remote objects13.4.1.4. The RMI registry13.4.2. An RMI Example13.4.2.1. Running the example13.4.2.2. Dynamic class loading13.4.2.3. Passing remote object references13.4.3. RMI Object Activation13.4.4. RMI and CORBA13.5. Scalable I/O with NIO13.5.1. Selectable Channels13.5.2. Using Select13.5.3. LargerHttpd13.5.4. Nonblocking Client-Side Operations
14. Programming for the Web
14.1. Uniform Resource Locators (URLs)14.2. The URL Class14.2.1. Stream Data14.2.2. Getting the Content as an Object14.2.3. Managing Connections14.2.4. Handlers in Practice14.2.5. Other Handler Frameworks14.2.6. Writing Content and Protocol Handlers14.3. Talking to Web Applications14.3.1. Using the GET Method14.3.2. Using the POST Method14.3.3. The HttpURLConnection14.3.4. SSL and Secure Web Communications14.3.5. URLs, URNs, and URIs14.4. Web Services14.4.1. XML-RPC14.4.2. WSDL14.4.3. The Tools14.4.3.1. Installation and environment14.4.4. The Temperature Service
15. Web Applications and Web Services
15.1. Web Application Technologies15.1.1. JSPs15.1.2. XML15.1.3. Application Frameworks15.2. Web Applications15.2.1. The Servlet Life Cycle15.2.2. Servlets15.2.3. The HelloClient Servlet15.2.3.1. ServletExceptions15.2.3.2. Content type15.2.4. The Servlet Response15.2.5. Servlet Parameters15.2.5.1. GET, POST, and the “extra path”15.2.5.2. GET or POST: which one to use?15.2.6. The ShowParameters Servlet15.2.6.1. SnoopServlet15.2.7. User Session Management15.2.8. The ShowSession Servlet15.2.9. The ShoppingCart Servlet15.2.10. Cookies15.2.11. The ServletContext API15.3. WAR Files and Deployment15.3.1. The web.xml File15.3.2. URL Pattern Mappings15.3.3. Deploying HelloClient15.3.3.1. Reloading web apps15.3.4. Error and Index Pages15.3.5. Security and Authentication15.3.6. Assigning Roles to Users15.3.7. Secure Data Transport15.3.8. Authenticating Users15.3.9. Procedural Security15.4. Servlet Filters15.4.1. A Simple Filter15.4.2. A Test Servlet15.4.3. Declaring and Mapping Filters15.4.4. Filtering the Servlet Request15.4.5. Filtering the Servlet Response15.5. Building WAR Files with Ant15.5.1. A Development-Oriented Directory Layout15.5.2. Deploying and Redeploying WARs with Ant15.6. Implementing Web Services15.6.1. XML-RPC in Action15.6.2. Installation and Environment15.6.3. Defining the Service15.6.4. Our Echo Service15.6.5. Data Types15.6.5.1. Standard types15.6.5.2. Value data objects15.6.6. Deploying the Web Service15.6.7. Using the Service
16. Swing
16.1. Components16.1.1. Peers and Look-and-Feel16.1.2. The MVC Framework16.1.3. Painting16.1.4. Enabling and Disabling Components16.1.5. Focus, Please16.1.6. Other Component Methods16.1.6.1. Containers16.1.7. Layout Managers16.1.8. Insets16.1.9. Z-Ordering (Stacking Components)16.1.10. The revalidate() and doLayout() Methods16.1.11. Managing Components16.1.12. Listening for Components16.1.13. Windows and Frames16.1.14. Other Methods for Controlling Frames16.1.15. Content Panes16.2. Events16.2.1. Event Receivers and Listener Interfaces16.2.2. Event Sources16.2.3. Event Delivery16.2.4. Event Types16.2.5. The java.awt.event.InputEvent Class16.2.6. Mouse and Key Modifiers on InputEvents16.2.6.1. Mouse-wheel events16.2.7. Focus Events16.3. Event Summary16.3.1. Adapter Classes16.3.2. Dummy Adapters16.4. The AWT Robot!16.5. Multithreading in Swing
17. Using Swing Components
17.1. Buttons and Labels17.2. HTML Text in Buttons and Labels17.3. Checkboxes and Radio Buttons17.4. Lists and Combo Boxes17.5. The Spinner17.6. Borders17.7. Menus17.8. Pop-up Menus17.9. Component-Managed Pop-ups17.10. The JScrollPane Class17.11. The JSplitPane Class17.12. The JTabbedPane Class17.13. Scrollbars and Sliders17.14. Dialogs17.15. File Selection Dialog17.16. The Color Chooser
18. More Swing Components
18.1. Text Components18.1.1. The TextEntryBox Application18.1.2. Formatted Text18.1.3. Filtering Input18.1.3.1. DocumentFilter18.1.4. Validating Data18.1.5. Say the Magic Word18.1.6. Sharing a Data Model18.1.7. HTML and RTF for Free18.1.8. Managing Text Yourself18.2. Focus Navigation18.2.1. Trees18.2.2. Nodes and Models18.2.3. Save a Tree18.2.4. Tree Events18.2.5. A Complete Example18.3. Tables18.3.1. A First Stab: Freeloading18.3.2. Round Two: Creating a Table Model18.3.3. Round Three: A Simple Spreadsheet18.3.4. Printing JTables18.4. Desktops18.5. Pluggable Look-and-Feel18.5.1. Synth, the Skinnable L&F18.6. Creating Custom Components18.6.1. Generating Events18.6.2. A Dial Component18.6.3. Model and View Separation
19. Layout Managers
19.1. FlowLayout19.2. GridLayout19.3. BorderLayout19.4. BoxLayout19.5. CardLayout19.6. GridBagLayout19.6.1. The GridBagConstraints Class19.6.2. Grid Coordinates19.6.3. The fill Constraint19.6.4. Spanning Rows and Columns19.6.5. Weighting19.6.5.1. Calculating the weights of rows and columns19.6.6. Anchoring19.6.7. Padding and Insets19.6.8. Relative Positioning19.6.9. Composite Layouts19.7. Nonstandard Layout Managers19.8. Absolute Positioning19.9. SpringLayout
20. Drawing with the 2D API
20.1. The Big Picture20.2. The Rendering Pipeline20.3. A Quick Tour of Java 2D20.3.1. Filling Shapes20.3.2. Drawing Shape Outlines20.3.3. Convenience Methods20.3.4. Drawing Text20.3.5. Drawing Images20.3.5.1. Transformations and rendering20.3.6. The Whole Iguana20.4. Filling Shapes20.4.1. Solid Colors20.4.2. Color Gradients20.4.3. Textures20.4.4. Desktop Colors20.5. Stroking Shape Outlines20.6. Using Fonts20.6.1. Font Metrics20.7. Displaying Images20.7.1. The Image Class20.7.2. Image Observers20.7.2.1. Preloading images20.7.3. Scaling and Size20.8. Drawing Techniques20.8.1. Double Buffering20.8.2. Limiting Drawing with Clipping20.8.3. Offscreen Drawing20.9. Printing
21. Working with Images and Other Media
21.1. Loading Images21.1.1. ImageObserver21.1.2. MediaTracker21.1.3. ImageIcon21.1.4. ImageIO21.2. Producing Image Data21.2.1. Drawing Animations21.2.2. BufferedImage Anatomy21.2.3. Color Models21.2.4. Creating an Image21.2.5. Updating a BufferedImage21.3. Filtering Image Data21.3.1. How ImageProcessor Works21.3.2. Converting an Image to a BufferedImage21.3.3. Using the RescaleOp Class21.3.4. Using the AffineTransformOp Class21.4. Saving Image Data21.5. Simple Audio21.6. Java Media Framework
22. JavaBeans
22.1. What’s a Bean?22.1.1. How Big Is a Bean?22.2. The NetBeans IDE22.2.1. Installing and Running NetBeans22.2.1.1. Installing our example beans22.2.1.2. Creating a project and file22.2.1.3. The NetBeans workspace22.3. Properties and Customizers22.4. Event Hookups and Adapters22.4.1. Taming the Juggler22.4.1.1. Running the example22.4.2. Molecular Motion22.5. Binding Properties22.5.1. Constraining Properties22.6. Building Beans22.6.1. The Dial Bean22.6.2. Design Patterns for Properties22.6.2.1. Bean patterns in NetBeans22.6.3. A (Slightly) More Realistic Example22.6.3.1. A bean for validating numeric data22.6.3.2. An invisible multiplier22.6.3.3. Putting them together22.7. Limitations of Visual Design22.8. Serialization Versus Code Generation22.9. Customizing with BeanInfo22.9.1. Getting Properties Information22.9.1.1. Getting events information22.9.1.2. Supplying icons22.9.1.3. Creating customizers and property editors22.10. Hand-Coding with Beans22.10.1. Bean Instantiation and Type Management22.10.2. Working with Serialized Beans22.10.3. Runtime Event Hookups with Reflection22.10.3.1. Safety implications22.10.3.2. How it works22.11. BeanContext and BeanContextServices22.12. The Java Activation Framework22.13. Enterprise JavaBeans
23. Applets
23.1. The Politics of Applets23.2. The JApplet Class23.2.1. Applet Life Cycle23.2.2. The Applet Security Sandbox23.2.2.1. Trusted applets23.2.3. Getting Applet Resources23.2.3.1. Applet parameters23.2.3.2. Applet resources23.2.3.3. Driving the browser23.2.3.4. Inter-applet communication23.2.3.5. Applet persistence and navigation23.2.3.6. Applets versus standalone applications23.2.4. Attributes23.2.5. Parameters23.2.6. ¿Habla Applet?23.2.7. The Complete <applet> Tag23.2.8. Loading Class Files23.2.9. Packages23.2.10. appletviewer23.3. Using the Java Plug-in23.3.1. What Is the Java Plug-in?23.3.2. Messy Tags23.3.2.1. Applets in Internet Explorer23.3.3. Viewing Plug-in Applets23.4. Java Web Start23.5. Using Digital Signatures23.5.1. Certificates23.5.1.1. Certificate authority certificates23.5.1.2. Site certificates23.5.1.3. User (signer) certificates23.5.2. The keytool Utility23.5.2.1. What about Netscape and Internet Explorer?23.5.2.2. The TestWrite example23.5.3. Keystores, Keys, and Certificates23.5.3.1. Public and private keys23.5.3.2. Certificates23.5.4. The jarsigner Utility23.6. Conclusion
24. XML
24.1. A Bit of Background24.1.1. Text Versus Binary24.1.2. A Universal Parser24.1.3. The State of XML24.1.4. The XML APIs24.1.5. XML and Web Browsers24.2. XML Basics24.2.1. Attributes24.2.2. XML Documents24.2.3. Encoding24.2.4. Namespaces24.2.5. Validation24.2.6. HTML to XHTML24.3. SAX24.3.1. The SAX API24.3.1.1. JAXP24.3.1.2. SAX’s strengths and weaknesses24.3.2. Building a Model Using SAX24.3.2.1. Creating the XML file24.3.2.2. The model24.3.2.3. The SAXModelBuilder24.3.2.4. Test drive24.3.2.5. Limitations and possibilities24.3.3. XMLEncoder/Decoder24.3.3.1. Further thoughts24.4. DOM24.4.1. The DOM API24.4.2. Test-Driving DOM24.4.3. Generating XML with DOM24.4.4. JDOM24.5. XPath24.5.1. Nodes24.5.2. Predicates24.5.3. Functions24.5.4. The XPath API24.5.5. XMLGrep24.6. XInclude24.6.1. Enabling XInclude24.7. Validating Documents24.7.1. Using Document Validation24.7.2. DTDs24.7.3. XML Schema24.7.3.1. Simple types24.7.3.2. Complex types24.7.3.3. Trang24.7.4. The Validation API24.7.4.1. Alternative schema languages24.8. JAXB and Code Generation24.8.1. Generating the Model24.8.1.1. Unmarshaling from XML24.8.1.2. Marshaling to XML24.9. Transforming Documents with XSL/XSLT24.9.1. XSL Basics24.9.2. Transforming the Zoo Inventory24.9.3. XSLTransform24.9.4. XSL in the Browser24.10. Web Services24.11. The End of the Book
A. The Eclipse IDE
A.1. The IDE WarsA.2. Getting Started with EclipseA.2.1. Importing the Learning Java ExamplesA.3. Using EclipseA.3.1. Getting at the SourceA.3.2. The Lay of the LandA.3.3. Running the ExamplesA.3.4. Building the Ant-Based ExamplesA.3.5. Loner ExamplesA.4. Eclipse FeaturesA.4.1. Coding ShortcutsA.4.2. Auto-CorrectionA.4.3. RefactoringA.4.4. Diff’ing FilesA.4.5. Organizing ImportsA.4.6. Formatting Source CodeA.5. Conclusion
B. BeanShell: Simple Java Scripting
B.1. Running BeanShellB.2. Java Statements and ExpressionsB.2.1. ImportsB.3. BeanShell CommandsB.4. Scripted Methods and ObjectsB.4.1. Scripting Interfaces and AdaptersB.5. Changing the ClasspathB.6. Learning More . . .
Glossary
Index
About the Authors
Colophon
Copyright

Content preview from Learning Java, 3rd Edition

Chapter 14. Programming for the Web

When you think about the Web, you probably think of applications—web browsers, web servers—and the many kinds of content that those applications move around the network. But it’s important to note that standards and protocols, not the applications themselves, have enabled the Web’s growth. Since the earliest days of the Internet, there have been ways to move files from here to there, and document formats that were just as powerful as HTML, but there was not a unifying model for how to identify, retrieve, and display information nor was there a universal way for applications to interact with that data over the network. Since the web explosion began, HTML has reigned supreme as a common format for documents, and most developers have at least some familiarity with it. In this chapter, we’re going to talk a bit about its cousin, HTTP, the protocol that handles communications between web clients and servers, and URLs, which provide a standard for naming and addressing objects on the Web. Java provides a very simple API for working with URLs to address objects on the Web. We’ll discuss how to write web clients that can interact with the servers using the HTTP GET and POST methods and also say a bit about web services, which are the next step up the evolutionary chain. In Chapter 15, we’ll jump over to the server side and take a look at servlets, Java programs that run on web servers and implement the other side of these conversations.

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Learning Java, 3rd Edition

by Patrick Niemeyer, Jonathan Knudsen

Chapter 14. Programming for the Web

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