book

Nanotechnology Applications for Clean Water, 2nd Edition

by Anita Street, Richard Sustich, Jeremiah Duncan, Nora Savage

May 2014

Intermediate to advanced

704 pages

22h 15m

English

William Andrew

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IntroductionDisclaimer
I.1 Current water issuesI.2 Water purification: impacts and opportunitiesI.3 Critical problems to be addressed in water researchI.4 ConclusionReferences
1.1 Introduction1.2 CNT-based electrochemical sensors1.3 Graphene-based sensors1.4 Conclusions and future workAcknowledgmentsReferences

2.1 Introduction2.2 Nanostructured sensing materials developed2.3 Chemical sensor arrays and pattern recognition2.4 Biosensing applications of nanostructured materials2.5 Conclusions and future perspectivesAcknowledgmentsReferences
3.1 Introduction3.2 Nanomaterials-based biosensors for pesticides3.3 NP-based electrochemical immunoassay of TNT3.4 ConclusionsAcknowledgmentsReferences
4.1 Introduction4.2 Fundamental concept of dye nanoparticle-coated test strip4.3 The strategy to produce a suitable DNTS for a target ion4.4 Detection of harmful ions in water with DNTSs4.5 Conclusions and future perspectivesAcknowledgmentsReferences
5.1 Detection of trace contaminants in water5.2 Functional nucleic acids for molecular recognition5.3 Functional nucleic acid-directed assembly of nanomaterials for sensing contaminants5.4 Simultaneous multiplexed detection using quantum dots and gold nanoparticles5.5 Sensors on solid supports5.6 Other sensing schemes utilizing electrochemistry and magnetic resonance imaging5.7 Conclusions and future perspectiveAcknowledgmentsReferences
6.1 Introduction6.2 Conducting PAA membranes6.3 ConclusionsAcknowledgmentsReferences
7.1 Introduction7.2 Desalination technologies7.3 Nanostructured membranes7.4 Application of nanostructured membranes7.5 Commercial efforts to date7.6 Future challenge of energy-efficient CNT membranes for desalinationAcknowledgmentsReferences
8.1 TiO2 photocatalysis and challenges8.2 Sol–gel synthesis of porous TiO2: surfactant self-assembling8.3 Immobilization of TiO2 in the form of films and membranes8.4 Activation of TiO2 under visible light irradiation8.5 Selective decomposition of target contaminants8.6 Versatile environmental applications8.7 Suggestions and implicationsAcknowledgmentsReferences
9.1 Introduction9.2 Zeolite-coated ceramic membranes9.3 Inorganic–organic TFN membranes9.4 Hybrid protein–polymer biomimetic membranes9.5 Aligned CNT membranes9.6 Self-assembled block copolymer membranes9.7 Graphene-based membranes9.8 ConclusionsReferences
10.1 Introduction10.2 Nanostructured membranes with functional nanoparticles10.3 Potential future research directionsAcknowledgmentsReferences
11.1 Introduction: carbon nanotube membrane technology for water purification11.2 Basic structure and properties of carbon nanotubes11.3 Water transport in carbon nanotube pores: an MD simulation view11.4 Fabrication of carbon nanotube membranes11.5 Experimental observations of water transport in double-wall and multi-wall carbon nanotube membranes11.6 Nanofiltration properties of carbon nanotube membranes11.7 Altering transport selectivity by membrane functionalization11.8 Is energy-efficient desalination and water purification with carbon nanotube membranes possible and practical?AcknowledgmentsReferences
12.1 Overview12.2 Novel method to make a continuous micro-mesopore membrane with tailored surface chemistry for use in nanofiltration12.3 Deposition of polyelectrolyte complex films under pressure and from organic solvents12.4 Solvent resistant hydrolyzed polyacrylonitrile membranes12.5 Polyimides membranes for nanofiltration12.6 ConclusionsReferences
13.1 Potable water13.2 Water treatment and reuseReference
14.1 Issues that need to be addressed14.2 General approaches14.3 Specific technology used by CCT and results14.4 Moving technology to the next phaseReferences
15.1 Introduction15.2 Dendrimers as recyclable ligands for cations15.3 Dendrimers as recyclable ligands for anions15.4 Dendrimer-enhanced filtration: overview and applications15.5 Summary and outlookAcknowledgmentsReferences
16.1 Introduction16.2 The need for nanomaterials and nanotechnology16.3 Earlier efforts for pesticide removal16.4 Nanomaterials-based chemistry: recent approaches16.5 Pesticide removal from drinking water: a case study16.6 Future directions16.7 SummaryReferencesFurther Reading
17.1 Introduction17.2 Principle of the electrically switched ion exchange technology17.3 Nanomaterials-enhanced electrically switched ion exchange for removal of radioactive cesium-13717.4 Nanomaterials-enhanced electrically switched ion exchange for removal of chromate and perchlorate17.5 ConclusionsAcknowledgmentsReferences
18.1 Introduction18.2 Economic impact of modern disinfection systems18.3 Health impact of water disinfection shortfalls18.4 Modern disinfection systems18.5 Nanometallic particles in alternative disinfection systems18.6 ConclusionsReferences
19.1 Visible-light photocatalysis with titanium oxides19.2 Sol–gel fabrication of nitrogen-doped titanium oxide nanoparticle photocatalysts19.3 Metal-ion-modified nitrogen-doped titanium oxide photocatalysts19.4 Nanostructured nitrogen-doped titanium-oxide-based photocatalysts19.5 Environmental properties of nitrogen-doped titanium-oxide-based photocatalysts19.6 Conclusions and future directionsReferences
20.1 Introduction20.2 Current and potential applications20.3 Outlook on the role of nanotechnology in microbial control: limitations and research needsReferences
21.1 Introduction21.2 Chemistry of fullerene nanomaterials21.3 Applications of fullerene nanomaterials21.4 SummaryAcknowledgementsReferences
22.1 Introduction22.2 Catalytic hydrodehalogenation: iodinated X-ray contrast media22.3 Selective catalytic nitrate reduction22.4 Conclusions and prospectsReferences
23.1 Introduction23.2 Nanoparticle formation23.3 Polymers23.4 Composite material23.5 Water treatment23.6 ConclusionsReferences
24.1 Introduction24.2 Nanoparticle synthesis in functionalized membranes24.3 Characterization of polyacrylic acid functionalized membranes24.4 Characterization of nanoparticles in membranes24.5 Reactivity of membrane-based nanoparticles24.6 ConclusionsAcknowledgmentsReferences
25.1 Introduction25.2 Magnesium-based bimetallic systems25.3 Unique corrosion properties of magnesium25.4 Doping nanoscale palladium onto magnesium—modified alcohol reduction route25.5 Role of nanosynthesis in assuaging concerns from palladium usage25.6 Challenges in nanoscaling magnesium25.7 Other environmental applicationsAcknowledgmentsReferences
26.1 Introduction26.2 Materials synthesis26.3 Stability and transport characteristics26.4 Partitioning at TCE–water interfaces26.5 SummaryAcknowledgmentsReferences
27.1 Introduction27.2 Synthesis and properties of iron and iron oxide nanoparticles27.3 Removal of pollutants through sorption/dechlorination by iron/iron oxide nanoparticles27.4 ConclusionsReferences
28.1 Introduction28.2 Sources of groundwater contamination and remediation costs28.3 Remediation alternatives28.4 Contaminated site remediation via reactive nanomaterials28.5 Example of contaminated site remediation via reactive nanometals28.6 SummaryReferences
29.1 Introduction29.2 Nanotechnologies for site remediation and wastewater treatment29.3 Naturally occurring flavonoids as reducing agents for hexavalent chromium29.4 ConclusionsAcknowledgmentsReferences
30.1 Challenges of using reactive nanomaterials for in situ groundwater remediation30.2 Polymeric surface modification/functionalization30.3 Effect of surface modifiers on the mobility of nanomaterials in the subsurface30.4 Contaminant targeting of polymeric functionalized nanoparticles30.5 Effect of surface modification/functionalization on contaminant degradation30.6 Remaining challenges and ongoing research and development opportunitiesReferences
31.1 Introduction31.2 Stabilization of zero-valent iron nanoparticles using polysaccharides31.3 Reactivity of starch- or carboxymethyl-cellulose-stabilized zero-valent iron nanoparticlesReferences
32.1 Reductive immobilization of chromate in soil and water using stabilized zero-valent iron nanoparticles32.2 In situ immobilization of lead in soils using stabilized vivianite nanoparticles32.3 Mechanisms of nanoparticle stabilization by carboxymethyl cellulose32.4 ConclusionsReferences
References
34.1 Introduction34.2 Responsible development: ethical, social, and environmental concerns34.3 Public engagement: what role should the public have?34.4 ConclusionsReferences
35.1 Introduction35.2 Population and technological impacts on water35.3 Water access35.4 Corruption, mismanagement, and overconsumption35.5 Climate change and global warming35.6 Patents: parity and access issues35.7 Political demands35.8 Conflict35.9 Biofuels35.10 Bottled water35.11 Future trends35.12 ConclusionsNotesReferences
36.1 Introduction36.2 Superordinate goals36.3 Trading zones36.4 Moral imagination36.5 Adaptive management36.6 Anticipatory governance36.7 ConclusionsAcknowledgmentsReferences
37.1 Introduction37.2 Diagnosing the need37.3 The role for policy37.4 ConclusionsReferences
38.1 Introduction38.2 Water and the public38.3 Nanotechnology treatment strategies38.4 Modalities38.5 Water and public engagement38.6 ConclusionsAcknowledgmentsNotesReferences
39.1 Nanotechnologies and developing countries39.2 How can nanotechnologies deliver public value?39.3 Nanodialogues in Zimbabwe39.4 Balancing risk and opportunity39.5 Future directionsReferences
40.1 Introduction40.2 Community involvement or ownership40.3 Community need for the technology40.4 Community water quality monitoring40.5 Infrastructure40.6 Capacity development40.7 Improvements in quality of life40.8 Commercialization of nanotechnologies40.9 ConclusionsReferences
41.1 Introduction41.2 Applications and synthesis of quantum dots41.3 Methodology41.4 Life cycle inventory of synthesis of CdSe quantum dots41.5 Conclusions and future perspectiveAcknowledgmentsReferences

Content preview from Nanotechnology Applications for Clean Water, 2nd Edition

Chapter 20

Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Disinfection and Microbial Control

Merits and Limitations

Shaily Mahendra¹, Qilin Li², Delina Y. Lyon³, Lena Brunet⁴ and Pedro J.J. Alvarez², ¹Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA, ²Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA, ³Shell Oil Company Houston, TX, USA, ⁴Institut Francais du Petrole, Lyon, France

Several natural and engineered nanomaterials, such as silver (nAg), titanium oxide (TiO,), and carbon nanotubes (CNT), are known to have antibacterial properties and are under consideration as disinfecting agents for water treatment systems. Their antimicrobial mechanisms ...