August 2003
Intermediate to advanced
496 pages
11h 59m
English
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Modular Arithmetic
Before we look at the code in the RSA program example, let's first understand a bit more about modular arithmetic. Modular arithmetic is used in many cryptographic systems, including RSA, DSA, and SSL. The algebraic structure that is used is referred to as Zn , which is the set of nonnegative integers modulo n. Zn consists of the set {0, 1, 2, …, n – 1} along with operators defined for addition and multiplication. Note that Zn is integer arithmetic on a finite circle, not an infinite number line. Zn is sometimes referred to as clock arithmetic, since a twelve hour clock implies Z12 arithmetic.
For example, Z12 would be the set of numbers from 0 to 11, with addition defined much like regular addition, but any result over 11 ...
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