8.1 The Need for Characterization8.2 IR and Raman Spectroscopy8.3 NMR8.4 Functional Group Analysis8.5 XPS, SIMS, and LEIS8.6 SEC8.7 MALDI–MS8.8 XRD8.9 Optical Microscopy8.10 Electron Microscopy8.11 Surface Probe Microscopy8.12 Thickness and Beyond8.13 Final RemarksReferencesFurther Reading