Distributed Maximum Power Point Tracking of Photovoltaic Arrays
4.1 Limitations of Standard MPPT
Photovoltaic (PV) systems usually adopt field maximum power point tracking (FMPPT), that is, the tracking of the maximum power point (MPP) of the power vs. voltage (P-V) characteristic of the whole field composed by paralleled PV strings (Figure 4.1).
In case of mismatch (due to clouds, shadows, dirtiness, manufacturing tolerances, aging, different orientation of parts of the PV field, etc.), the P-V characteristic of the PV field may exhibit more than one peak, due to the adoption of bypass diodes, and MPPT algorithms can fail, causing a severe decrease in the overall system efficiency [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15
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