Chapter 1 Modern Tools of Organizational AssessmentWhat Is a Good Outcome?Framing Robust Outcome AssessmentAssessment ModalitiesA Closer Look at the Idea of Best PracticeOrganizations and Organizational AssessmentStructure of the BookChapter 2 The Genesis and the Current StateOriginsA Call to ActionRethinking Benchmarking and BaseliningFraming the Notion of BenchmarkingFraming the Notion of BaseliningBenchmarks, Baselines, and Materiality of DifferenceThe Alternative: Effect SizeChapter 3 Foundational Estimation and Parameterization ConsiderationsProbabilistic EstimatesKey Estimation and Parameterization ConsiderationsStatistical Aspects of Benchmarking and Baselining