Classical Logic Gates and Circuits
In conventional computers, all information and data are stored as bits that are either a 1 (true) or 0 (false) state. Bits are switched from one state to another by devices called gates[107] that turn designated bits, called the output bits, to 1s or 0s, depending on the states of other bits, called the input bits. For instance, the following figure shows an AND gate that has 2 input bits and 1 output bit:

The outputs for all possible combinations of inputs to a gate is encapsulated as a truth table.
The truth table for the AND gate, whose single output bit is a 1 if and only if all its input bits are ...
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