November 2000
Intermediate to advanced
608 pages
16h 12m
English
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7.4 NOISE IN AMPLIFIERS
Whenever we process small signals or desire high resolution, particularly when working at low frequencies or with broadband signals, we must consider the intrinsic perturbations or noise associated with the components used to build the circuit. Reference 7 discusses noise and interference in electronic circuits. Reference 8 analyses noise and low-noise design in depth. Chapter 11 in reference 1 summarizes noise analysis in instrumentation electronics.
7.4.1 Noise Fundamentals
7.4.1.1 Noise Description. Noise is a random signal, meaning that we cannot know its actual amplitude at a given moment. However, we can infer some information about it from its statistical description. The mean-square value, or intensity, of a signal x(t) is the average of the squares of the instantaneous values of the signal,
This value indicates the power of the signal and can be separated into a time-invariant part—the signal average or mean value μx—and a dynamic part or signal variance, which is defined as the mean-square value of x(t) about its mean value. Because electronic noise has zero average, we have
Hence, Ψx2 = σx2 and the noise variance equals the noise power. σx is the standard deviation.
The probability density function (PDF), p(x), describes random signals in the ...
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