September 2022
Intermediate
416 pages
11h 39m
English
Content preview from Smart Hybrid AC/DC Microgrids
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6Energy Management System (EMS) in Smart Hybrid Microgrids
6.1 Energy Management in Hierarchical Control of Microgrids
6.1.1 Hierarchical Control
The microgrid consists of various distributed energy resources (DERs) and loads, operating in islanding and grid‐connected modes. The DERs include both distributed generations (DGs) and energy storage systems (ESSs), which can export active power to the grid. The control and management of the microgrid have multiple objectives, including regulation of power flow, power quality, energy management of energy resources, to name a few. Hierarchical control is needed to meet the microgrid's operational requirements with different significances and time scales. The hierarchical control mainly consists of three levels: primary, secondary, and tertiary control layers. As mentioned in Chapter 5, the power management system (PMS) is realized in the primary and part of the secondary control layers, while the tertiary control and part of the secondary control contain the EMS. As discussed in Chapter 5, hierarchical control can be implemented in centralized, decentralized, and distributed structures.
Primary Control Layer
The primary control is the first layer in the hierarchical control scheme. This layer is implemented in the local controllers, e.g. local controllers of interfacing converter (IFC) based DERs, to maintain voltage/frequency stability in different operating conditions, share active and reactive powers among DERs, and avoids undesired ...
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