Chapter 18
1. This point is contested by some on the grounds that scholars like Waitz, Bastian, Bechhofen in Germany and Henry Maine, McLennan and Tylor in England developed their evolutionary ideas during the same period that Darwin's work appeared.
2. Social environment includes political and economic relations among cultures.
3. Toynbee was the nephew of economic historian, Arnold Toynbee, with whom he is sometimes confused. He worked for the Foreign Office during both World Wars I and II. He was Director of Studies at the Royal Institute of International Affairs (1925–55) and then Research Professor of International History at the University of London.
4. All quotes are taken from a selection in Theories of Society (edited by Talcott Parsons ...
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