book

SQL in a Nutshell, 4th Edition

by Kevin Kline, Regina O. Obe, Leo S. Hsu

June 2022

Intermediate to advanced

838 pages

21h 1m

English

O'Reilly Media, Inc.

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Why This Book?Who Should Read This Book?How This Book Is OrganizedHow to Use This BookResourcesChanges in the Fourth EditionConventions Used in This BookO’Reilly Online LearningHow to Contact UsAcknowledgmentsKevin E. Kline’s AcknowledgmentsRegina Obe and Leo Hsu’s Acknowledgments
The Relational Model and ANSI SQLCodd’s Rules for Relational Database SystemsCodd’s Rules in Action: Simple SELECT ExamplesHistory of the SQL StandardLevels of ConformanceParts of the SQL StandardSQL Statement ClassesSQL DialectsNoSQL
Database Platforms Described in This BookCategories of SyntaxIdentifiersLiteralsOperatorsKeywords and Reserved WordsSQL and Platform-Specific Data TypesMySQL Data TypesOracle Data TypesPostgreSQL Data TypesSQL Server Data TypesConstraintsScopeSyntaxPRIMARY KEY ConstraintsFOREIGN KEY ConstraintsUNIQUE ConstraintsCHECK Constraints
How to Use This ChapterSQL Platform SupportSQL Command ReferenceCREATE/ALTER DATABASE StatementCREATE DOMAIN StatementCREATE/ALTER INDEX StatementCREATE/ALTER SCHEMA StatementCREATE/ALTER TABLE StatementCREATE/ALTER TYPE StatementCREATE/ALTER VIEW StatementDROP Statements
How to Use This ChapterSQL Platform SupportSQL Command ReferenceALL/ANY/SOME OperatorsBETWEEN OperatorEXCEPT Set OperatorEXISTS OperatorFILTER ClauseGROUP BY ClauseIN OperatorINTERSECT Set OperatorIS OperatorJOIN SubclauseLIKE OperatorORDER BY ClauseOVER ClauseSELECT StatementSUBQUERY SubstatementUNION Set OperatorVALUES ClauseWHERE ClauseWITH ClauseWITH ORDINALITY Clause
How to Use This ChapterSQL Platform SupportSQL Command ReferenceCOMMIT StatementDELETE StatementINSERT StatementMERGE StatementRELEASE SAVEPOINT StatementRETURNING ClauseROLLBACK StatementSAVEPOINT StatementSET TRANSACTION StatementSTART TRANSACTION StatementTRUNCATE TABLE StatementUPDATE Statement
How to Use This ChapterSQL Platform SupportSQL Command ReferenceCONNECT StatementCREATE ROLE StatementGRANT StatementREVOKE StatementSET CONNECTION StatementSET CONSTRAINTS StatementSET PATH StatementSET ROLE StatementSET SCHEMA StatementSET SESSION AUTHORIZATION StatementSET TIME ZONE Statement
How to Use This ChapterTypes of FunctionsDeterministic and Nondeterministic FunctionsAggregate FunctionsWindow FunctionsSQL FunctionsVariable FunctionsGeneral-Purpose FunctionsNumeric FunctionsString Functions and OperatorsCollection FunctionsPlatform-Specific ExtensionsMySQL-Supported FunctionsOracle-Supported FunctionsPostgreSQL-Supported FunctionsSQL Server–Supported Functions
How to Use This ChapterSQL Aggregate FunctionsSQL Aggregate SyntaxARRAY_AGGAVG and SUMCOLLECTCORRCOUNTCOVAR_POPCOVAR_SAMPCUME_DISTDENSE_RANKEVERYLISTAGGMIN and MAXPERCENT_RANKPERCENTILE_CONTPERCENTILE_DISCRANKThe REGR Family of FunctionsSTDDEV_POPSTDDEV_SAMPVAR_POPVAR_SAMPComplementary FunctionsGROUPINGMATCH_RECOGNIZESQL Window FunctionsSQL Standard Window SyntaxMySQL Window SyntaxOracle Window SyntaxPostgreSQL Window SyntaxSQL Server Window SyntaxPartitioningOrderingGrouping or WindowingList of Window FunctionsPlatform-Specific ExtensionsMySQL-Supported FunctionsOracle-Supported FunctionsPostgreSQL-Supported FunctionsSQL Server–Supported Functions
How to Use This ChapterSQL Platform SupportSQL Command ReferenceCALL StatementCLOSE Statement (Cursors)CREATE/ALTER AGGREGATE StatementCREATE CAST StatementCREATE/ALTER FUNCTION/PROCEDURE StatementCREATE/ALTER METHOD StatementCREATE/ALTER/DROP TRIGGER StatementDECLARE CURSOR StatementFETCH Statement (Cursors)OPEN Statement (Cursors)RETURN StatementPlatform-Specific Extensions

Why JSON?Exporting Relational Data as JSONJSON SupportJSON Data TypesSQL/JSON PathSQL Standard JSON FunctionsJSON Platform-Specific ExtensionsWhy XML?XML Data TypesXPathSQL XML FunctionsXML Platform-Specific Extensions
SQL Standard KeywordsABCDEFG–HIJK–LMNOP–QRSTUV–ZKeywords Shared Across Multiple Platforms

Content preview from SQL in a Nutshell, 4th Edition

Chapter 2. Foundational Concepts

SQL provides an easy, intuitive way to interact with a database. While the SQL standard does not define the concept of a “database,” it does define all the functions and concepts needed for a user to create, retrieve, update, and delete data. It is important to know the types of syntax in the ANSI/ISO SQL standard and the particular platform-specific syntax guidelines. This chapter will provide you with a grounding in those areas. For brevity, we will refer to the ANSI/ISO standard as simply “SQL” or “the SQL standard” in the remainder of this chapter.

Database Platforms Described in This Book

In this book, we will describe the SQL standard and the platform-specific implementations of several leading RDBMSs:

MySQL/MariaDB: MySQL is a popular open source DBMS that is known for its ease of use and good performance. It runs on numerous operating systems, including most Linux variants. To improve performance, it has a slimmer feature set than many other DBMSs. Since the purchase of Sun Microsystems by Oracle, the MySQL user base has been split into two factions: users of MySQL (maintained by Oracle) and MariaDB (from the MariaDB Foundation, whose head, Monty Widenius, was the original creator of MySQL). This book covers MySQL 8, now owned by Oracle, and the most popular MySQL fork, MariaDB 10.5. Their functionality is largely equivalent and compatible. Where they deviate most is in the storage engines they support, their compression and encryption ...