3 Evolving Business Models in the Classical Record Industry

Marius Carboni

Major and independent labels serve classical music, as they do other musical genres. The three “majors” are Warner Music Group (WMG), Sony, and Universal Music Group (UMG).1 The number of “independents” is too great to list, but the most influential include Naxos, Hyperion, Chandos, and Harmonia Mundi. Smaller independent labels include Signum, Delphian, Avie, ECM, Channel Classics, and Champs Hill. For the broadest picture, further classifications are necessary, for example, to recognise: niche labels dedicated to particular types of classical music, such as NMC (contemporary-classical) and Toccata Classics (repertoire rarely or not yet recorded); labels that are artist-led, ...

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