book

The Essence of Materials for Engineers

by Robert W. Messler Jr.

May 2010

Beginner to intermediate

562 pages

19h 1m

English

Jones & Bartlett Learning

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1.1 Why Materials Define Civilization1.2 Materials Science Is Science Applied to Materials, Not New Science1.3 The Pervasive Role of Materials in Engineering1.4 The Engineering of Materials to Meet Society’s Needs: The Responsibility of Engineers1.5 Structure-Property-Processing-Performance Interdependence1.6 The Evolution of Materials over Time1.7 Materials Selection in Design: Every Engineer’s ChallengeSummaryThinking Problems and Exploration Questions
2.1 The Structure of the Atom: The Foundation of Matter2.2 The Importance of Stable Electron Configuration in Atoms2.3 The Periodicity of Atomic Structure and an Element’s Properties2.4 Why Atoms Form Bond with Other Atoms2.5 Primary Bonding Between Atoms2.6 Secondary Bonding Between Atoms and Between Molecules2.7 Mixed Bonding2.8 Defining Material Types from the Periodic Table2.9 Atomic Bonding Forces and EnergiesSummaryThinking Problems and Exploration Questions
3.1 States of Matter3.2 Why Atoms Aggregate to Form Solids Beyond Form Simple Bonds3.3 Aggregation with Metallic Bonding: Metal Crystal Structures3.4 Aggregation with Ionic Bonding: Ceramic Crystal Structures3.5 Aggregation with Covalent Bonding: Crystalline Carbon, High-Performance Ceramics, Metalloid Semiconductors, Silicates, and Polymer Macromolecules3.6 Aggregation of Macromolecules by Secondary Bonding to Form Polymers3.7 A System for Navigating Within Crystals: Miller Indices3.8 Noncrystalline Materials: Why and When They Occur3.9 Characterizing Crystalline StructuresSummaryThinking Problems and Exploration Questions

4.1 Why Nature Accepts (Even If She Does Not Prefer) Imperfection4.2 Point (Zero-Dimensional) Imperfections4.3 Negatives Versus Positives of Point Imperfections4.4 Line (One-Dimensional) Imperfections: Dislocations4.5 Negatives Versus Positives of Dislocations4.6 Area or Planar (Two-Dimensional) Imperfections4.7 Negatives Versus Positives of Planar Imperfections4.8 Volume (Three-Dimensional) Imperfection: Amorphism4.9 Atomic Vibrations: Phonons4.10 Engineering with Imperfections in MaterialsSummaryThinking Problems and Exploration Questions
5.1 Amorphous Versus Crystalline Versus Semi-crystalline Structures and Materials5.2 Amorphous Glasses5.3 Creating Polymer Macromolecules from Simple Building Blocks5.4 Polymer Molecule Shape, Structure, and Configurations5.5 Classification of Polymers5.6 Copolymers5.7 Crystallization in Polymers5.8 Liquid Crystal PolymersSummaryThinking Problems and Exploration Questions
6.1 Structure Determines Properties, But What Are Properties?6.2 Classification of Properties by Stimulus6.3 Effect of Structure on Properties at Different Levels: Subatomic to Macroscopic6.4 Intensive Versus Extensive Properties: Size Sometimes Matters6.5 Complex Combination Properties6.6 Correlations Between Properties6.7 Anisotropy Versus Isotropy6.8 Smart MaterialsSummaryThinking Problems and Exploration Questions
7.1 Why Mechanical Properties Are Important to Engineering7.2 Important Mechanical Properties to Engineers7.3 Types of Loading7.4 Stress and Strain as Opposed to Load and Elongation7.5 Stress–Strain Elastic–Plastic Behavior of Metals7.6 Stress–Strain Elastic Behavior of Brittle Materials (Ceramics and Glasses)7.7 Viscoelastic Behavior of Polymers and Viscous Behavior of Glasses7.8 Responses to Compressive Loading7.9 Hardness of Materials7.10 Dynamic Properties of Materials7.11 The Statistical Nature of Properties and the Need for Safety FactorsSummaryThinking Problems and Exploration Questions
8.1 Mechanical Failure Criteria in Materials and Structures8.2 Plastic Deformation in Single-Crystal Metals: The Process of Slip8.3 The Role of Dislocations in Slip8.4 Plastic Deformation in Polycrystalline Metals: The Role of Grains8.5 Cold Versus Hot Working of Metals: Strain Hardening and Recrystallization8.6 Brittle and Ductile Fracture8.7 Fracture Mechanics and Fracture Toughness8.8 Deformation and Fracture in Ceramics and Glasses8.9 Deformation and Fracture in PolymersSummaryThinking Problems and Exploration Questions
9.1 Why Electrical Properties Are Important to Engineering9.2 Important Electrical Properties to Engineers9.3 The Origin of Material Conductivity: Electron Band Theory9.4 Electron Mobility and Electrical Resistivity9.5 Semiconductivity and Semiconductors9.6 Dielectric Behavior and Dielectric Materials9.7 Ionic Versus Electronic Conduction9.8 Electrical Properties of Polymers9.9 Ferroelectric and Piezoelectric Behavior in Ceramics9.10 Thermoelectric Effect and Thermoelectricity in MetalsSummaryThinking Problems and Exploration Questions
10.1 Why Thermal Properties Are Important to Engineering10.2 Important Thermal Properties to Engineers10.3 Heat Capacity of Solids10.4 Thermal Expansion of Solids10.5 Thermal Conductivity in Solids10.6 Thermal Degradation of Materials and Structures: Thermal Stresses, Thermal Fatigue, and Thermal ShockSummaryThinking Problems and Exploration Questions
11.1 The Role of Processing Materials in Engineering11.2 Why Engineers Seek Stronger and Tougher Materials11.3 The Bases for Strengthening and for Toughening11.4 Strengthening Metals by Grain Size Reduction11.5 Strengthening Metals by Cold Work: Strain Hardening11.6 Strengthening Metals by Alloying: Solid-Solution Strengthening11.7 Strengthening Metals with Second Phases11.8 Transformation Hardening Metals: The Martensite Transformation11.9 Strengthening and Toughening Ceramics11.10 Strengthening Amorphous Glasses and PolymersSummaryThinking Problems and Exploration Questions
12.1 The Importance of Alloying and the Role of Phase Diagrams in Engineering12.2 The Language of Phase Diagrams12.3 Solubility Limits and Hume-Rothery’s Rules12.4 One-Component Pressure–Temperature Phase Diagrams: As a Start12.5 Gibbs’ Phase Rule12.6 Binary Diagrams: Isomorphous and Simple Eutectic12.7 Other Phase Reactions and More Complicated Binary Phase Diagrams12.8 The Iron-Carbon/Iron-Iron Carbide Phase Diagram: Steels Revealed12.9 Ceramic Phase Diagrams12.10 Dealing with Systems More Complex Than BinariesSummaryThinking Problems and Exploration Questions
13.1 How Heat Leads to Changes in Structure and Properties13.2 Nucleation and Growth: Crystals, Grains, Precipitates, and Cracks13.3 Diffusion in Crystalline Solids13.4 Solidification of Pure Metals and Single-Phase Alloys13.5 Eutectic Solidification13.6 Nonequilibrium Versus Equilibrium Solidification and Phase Transformations13.7 The Eutectoid Transformation: Key to the Diversity of Properties in Steels13.8 Heat Treatment of Steels: Isothermal and Continuous Cooling Transformation13.9 Heat-Induced Transformations in PolymersSummaryThinking Problems and Exploration Questions
14.1 What Strain Can Do to Improve Properties in Crystalline Materials14.2 Cold Work and Recovery, Recrystallization, and Grain Growth in Metals14.3 Strain-Induced Martensite Transformations14.4 Stretch-Leveling and Strain-Aging in Steels14.5 Effects of Strain on Aging in Precipitation-Hardening Alloys14.6 Strain-Induced Phase Formation in Ceramics14.7 Texturing in Metals14.8 Microstructure and Property Changes from Hot Working of Metals and Alloys14.9 Strain Processing of PolymersSummaryThinking Problems and Exploration Questions
15.1 Composite Materials: When the Basic Materials Will Not Do15.2 Roles of the Reinforcement and of the Matrix Phases in Composites15.3 Types and Forms of Composites: Composite Classification15.4 The Rule of Mixtures and Functionally Specific Properties15.5 The Role of Reinforcement-Matrix Interface Strength on Composite Behavior15.6 Particle- Versus Fiber- Versus Laminate-Reinforced Composites15.7 Polymer- Versus Metal- Versus Ceramic-Matrix Composites15.8 Nanocomposites: When Smaller Is BetterSummaryThinking Problems and Exploration Questions
16.1 Environmental Degradation in Service: The Bane of Even a Good Design16.2 The Chemistry of Corrosion16.3 Electrochemical Cells and Galvanic Corrosion16.4 Forms of Corrosion16.5 Environmental Factors in Corrosion16.6 Preventing Corrosion16.7 Wear in Materials16.8 Preventing Wear16.9 Degradation in Other Materials and by Other EnvironmentsSummaryThinking Problems and Exploration Questions
17.1 Where We Stand and Why We Stand Here17.2 Learning from the Old to Create the New (or Nothing New Under the Sun)17.3 More Toward Functionally Specific Properties and Designer Materials17.4 Combining Material Synthesis and Processing: Synergy and Economy17.5 Energy, Water, Pollution, and Poverty: Saving the Earth17.6 Transportation: Shrinking the World and Beyond17.7 Bionics: Mimicking Nature for the Betterment of HumankindSummaryThinking Problems and Exploration Questions

Content preview from The Essence of Materials for Engineers

APPENDIX A-1

List of Selected Elements and Key Facts

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* Exhibit one or more allotropic transformations with elevated temperature above room temperature, with the exceptions of tin (Sn), which transforms to tetragonal α (from BCC β) at 13.2°C, and sodium (Na), which transforms to HCP α (from BCC β) at –237°C.

Abbreviations: BCC, body-centered cubic; DC, diamond cubic; FC tetrag., face-centered tetragonal; FCC, face-centered cubic; HCP, hexagonal close-packed; Hex., hexagonal; ortho, orthorhombic; rhombo., rhombohedral