Index
A
acceleration
cursor 14
pointer 222
access control
/etc/Xn.hosts file 547
user-based 548
xdm 548
XDMCP 548
xhost 547
action field (twm window manager) 208
active window 592
arrays
converting to bitmaps 109, 119
atobm (array to bitmap converter) 109 - 120
authentication widget 535, 538, 544
auro-repeat option (xset) 109, 221
average width (fonts) 87
B
background
colors 225
-background option (-bg) 169
background window see also root window 6
-bd option 169
BDF (Bitmap Display Format) for fonts 549
bdftosnf (font compiler) 549
-bg option 169
binding
button/key (.twmrc file) 206
keys 45
tight vs. loose (resources) 184
bitmap (creating graphics) 14, 109 - 118
command boxes 112
description of 109
window 110
Bitmap Display Format (BDF) for fonts 549
-bitmap option (xsetroot) 224, 225
bitmaps
creating from cursor 119
editing 111
standard 693
bmroa (bitmap to array converter) 109 - 120
Boolean variables 205
border color option (-bd) 169
border width option 168
Bourne shell script 528
bug compatibility mode 220
button
bindings 206
codes 237
logical 228
-bw option 168
C
C shell script 528
calculator (xcalc) 14 see also xcalc
description 132
function of keys 133
terminating 133
character set 88
character-cell fonts 82
class
definition 184
resource names 184
click-to-type focus
see explicit focus 592
client
command line options 164
definition 12
desk accessories 129
display manager 14
display options 164
location of default values 182
placing 45
removing 141
standalone 14
user-contributed 150
window manager 13
clipboard 72, 191 see also xclipboard
CLIPBOARD selection 65, 191 - 192 see also xclipboard
clock 130 see also oclock
Close (Window Menu) 606
color
changing color name database 550
determining number available 174
displaying 174
for screen elements 169
hexadecimal specification 172
menus 212
problems allocating 551
RGB model 173
specifying root window (xsetroot) 225
colorcell
definition 174
read-only 175
shared 175
description 174
command boxes (bitmap) 112 - 118
command buttons
Maximize 596
Minimize 596
command button widget 151
command line options (client) 163 - 177, 181
-fn (font) 104
-background 169
-bd (border color) 169
-bg (background) 169
-border color 169
-borderwidth 168
-bw (border width) 168
-display 164
-fn (font) 176
-foreground 169
-geometry 166
-iconic 176
list of standard 163
-name 194
-reverse 177
-title 165
-xrm (set resources) 194
commands
bitmap editing 111
executing system 211
for terminating xtenn window 54
Main Options menu 53
menu 212
pointer 112
Tek Options menu 59
text editing widget 156
VT Options menu 56
console messages 550
context field (twm window manager) 207
conventions of book v
copying selections in xtenn windows 61, 152
and xcutsel 66
create font databases 92 see also mkfontdir
cursor font 633
customizing
keyboard 227
pointer 227
cut buffer strings 61
vs. selections 65
D
database resource 196
DEC VT102 14
-def option (xsetroot) 224
defaults
Delete key 157
Delete (Twrn menu) 43
deleting windows 43
desk accessories 14, 129 - 139
dialog box widget 151
directories
font 90
display
depth of 174
server 11
setting 219
DISPLAY environment variable 165, 528
display fonts 80, 97 - 98 see also xfd
display manager 14 see also xdm
-display option 164
display window information 144 see also xwininfo
dump file see window dump file
E
-edit option (xrdb) 197
environment variables
XENVIRONMENT 199
error log file (xdm) 539
/etc/ttys (starting X from) 545
event translations 188, 189, 538
syntax 697
events
definition 188
input 188
Exit (Twm menu) 44
exiting
window manager 44
xmag 123
xman program 138
xterm window 25
explicit focus 592
F
feedback boxes 623
-fg option 169
files
.Xdefaults 52
log 550
resource 181
.uwmrc 557
.Xresources 182
Xsession 538
xset (set display preferences) 219 - 223
xterm (terminal emulator) menus
Focus (Twm menu) 43
focus policies (mwm)
explicit 592
focus window 43
focusing
definition 8
font displayer see also xfd 15
font path option (xset) 221
fonts see also Release 2 fonts and Release 3 fonts
aliases for 93
average width 87
bdftosnf (font compiler) 549
Bitmap Display Format (BDF) 549
bold and demi-bold 84
character set 88
conventions of in book v
create font databases (mkfontdir) 92
directories 90
displaying (xfd) 79 - 80, 97 - 98
fonts.dir file 91
foundries 87
italic vs. oblique 84
list available (xlsfonts) 80
making server aware of aliases 95, 549
mkfontdir (create font databases) 92, 549
monospace 87
naming conventions 80
number of fonts available 81
on command line 176
pictures of Release 3 and 4 639
point size 84
previewing (xfontsel) 98
printer 79
reverse italic and reverse oblique 84
Server Natural Format (SNF) 549
set width 87
showsnf (display compiled font) 549
slant 84
style 88
weight 84
fonts.alias file 93
foreground colors 225
-foreground option (-fg) 169
foundries (fonts) 87
-frame option 140
function names field (twm window manager) 208
G
generating display information 149 see also xdpyinfo
-grammar option (xmodmap) 234
graphics
creating with bitmap 109 - 118
magnifying with xmag 122
-gray option (xsetroot) 224
grip
definition 153
H
-help option (xsetroot) 224
hexadecimal color specification 172
I
icon
definition 7
displaying window as 36
moving 39
starting window as 176
turning a window into 207
-iconic option 176
Iconify (Twm menu) 36
iconifying windows 25, 36, 596, 605
icons
input events 188
instance
definition 184
resource names 184
ISO Latin-1 character set 88
K
keyboard
bell 219
customization 227
preferences 219
keyclick volume 220
keycode
definition 229
binding 207
Delete 157
Shift 207
keys field (twm window manager) 207
keystrokes
missing 46
keysym
definition 229
determining 232
mapping 234
values 699
keyword variables 206
Kill (Twm menu) 43
killing
client window 141
oclock 143
server 141
windows 43
with Window Menu button 602
L
led option (xset) 221
list fonts 80 see also xlsfonts
list variables 206
list window tree 146 see also xlswins
log files 550
logical
font convention 80
pointer button 228
Lower
Twm menu 42
Window Menu 606
lowering windows 42
M
magnifying screen 122 see also xmag
Main Options menu 50
commands 53
mode toggles 52
using Window Menu 607
mapping
definition 188
event-action 190
Meta key 207
possibilities with xmodmap 234
translation table 189
Maximize
Window Menu item 606
menus
color 212
creating new 203
defining in .twmrc file 209, 210
executing system commands from 211
Preferences 209
Tektronix 49
twm (window manager) 50
VT Fonts 57
WindowOps 556
xterm (terminal emulator) 50
-merge option (xrdb) 196
Meta key 26, 156, 189 - 190, 231
definition 207
mapping 207
Minimize
Window Menu item 605
mkfontdir (create font databases) 92, 549
-mod option (xsetroot) 225
mode toggles
Main Options menu 52
Tek Options menu 58
VT Options menu 56
Modes menu see VT Options menu
monospaced fonts 82
Motif (window manager) see mwm
mouse option (xset) 222
Move
Twm menu 39
Window Menu 604
moving
windows 594
activating changes to 610
client-specific resources 624
component appearance resources 623
manipulating windows 594
overview 591
restarting 610
selecting windows 592
specific resources 624
starting 592
.mwmrc file
customizing mwm through 610
N
-name option 194
naming conventions
fonts 80
New Window command
Root Menu 609
New Window (WindowOps menu) 558
numeric variables 206
O
occluded
definition 40
oclock (analog clock) 27, 130 - 131, 206, 213
options see command line options
OSF/Motif (window manager) 591 - 629 see also mwm
P
pasting selections in xterm windows 64, 152
and xcutsel 66
path
including X in 526
pipes and pointer interaction 141
point size 84
pointer
acceleration 222
bindings 206
buttons 237
commands 112
context of 207
customization 227
defining button functions 206
definition 7
mapping 236
possible cursor images 633
pointer button see button
pointer button field (twm window manager) 206
postscript translation 15 see also xpr
Preferences menu example of 209
printer fonts see fonts
proportional fonts 82
Q
Quit command (Main Options menu) 54
R
Raise (Twm Menu) 41
redrawing windows 55
Refresh command
Root Menu 610
refreshing the screen 550
Release 2 fonts
directory 104
vs. subsequent releases 104
aliasing 93
create font databases (mkfontdir) 92, 549
directories 90
making server aware of aliases 95, 549
pictures of 639
Release 4 fonts
directories 90
pictures of 639
removing windows 43
resize 74
Resize (Twm menu) 38
problems due to 38
using pointer 599
resource database manager 15, 192, 181 see also xrdb
RESOURCE_MANAGER property 195
resources
client-specific 624
component appearance 623
event translations of 188 - 192
files of 181
list of common 187
precedence rules for 185
removing definitions 197
sample file 193
setting with mwm 622
specific appearance 624
specification of 181, 183, 185
tight vs. loose bindings 186
translation table of 188
Restart
Root Menu 610
Twm menu 44
restarting mwm 610
Restore (Window Menu) 607
-reverse option 177
RGB
values 225
Root Menu
New Window command 609
Refresh command 610
Restart command 610
Shuffle Down command 609
Shuffle Up command 609
root window 224
definition 6
setting (xsetroot) 224
-rv option 177
S
screen
magnifying 122
saver option (xset) 222
screen fonts see fonts
scripts
Bourne shell 528
C shell 528
scrollbar
creating in xterm window 59
VT Options menu 59
widget 152
search path
including X in 526
setting 22
security issues
/etc/Xn.hosts file 547
user-based access 548
xdm 548
XDMCP 548
xhost 547
selections
manipulating 65
text 62
vs. cut buffers 65
Send CONT signal command (Main Options menu) 54
Send HUP Signal command (Main Options menu) 54
Send INT Signal command (Main Options menu) 53
Send KILL Signal command (Main Options menu) 54
Send STOP signal conunand (Main Options menu) 54
Send TERM Signal conunand (Main Options menu) 54
server
closing connection 141
control access (xdm) 548
control access (xhost) 547
definition 11
display 11
Server Natural Format (SNF) for fonts 549
set width (fonts) 87
shell environment variables ee environment variables
shell scripts
Bourne 528
C 528
startup 527
Shift key 207
showsnf (display compiled font) 549
Shuffle Down (Root Menu) 609
Shuffle Up (Root Menu) 609
Size (Window Menu) 605
SNF see Server Natural Format 549
-solid option (xsetroot) 225
spacing (fonts) 87
stacked windows
bringing up window manager 23
BSD 4.3 545
from /etc/ttys 545
placing clients 45
setting search path 526
setting terminal type 526
steps for 22
System V 545
xdm (display manager) 531 - 544
xinit (start X server) 22, 545
submenu 210
T
Tek Options menu 50
conunands 59
description of items 58
mode toggles 58
Tektronix 4014 14
temporary xterm windows
running commands in 75
TERMCAP
environment variable 526
entry for xterm 74
terminal emulator 49 see also xterm
definition 14
terminal type
setting 526
xterm 73
terminating xterm window 25, 54, 176
text
copying and pasting 61, 64, 66, 72
string variables 205
switching buffer and selection (xcutsel) 66
thumb (scrollbar)
definition 152
title area of window 594
-title option 165
titlebar 595
description 7
in twm window manager 23, 34 - 35
in xterm window 20
titlebutton bindings 206
Toolkit options see command line options
toolkits
definition 182
translation table
definition 188
example of 190
mappings in 189
Delete 43
Exit 44
Focus 43
Iconify 36
Kill 43
Lower 42
Move 39
Raise 41
redesigning 203
Resize 38
Restart 44
action field 208
and stacking windows 40
background processes 23
context field 207
defining keys 207
example of modified 213
exiting 44
function names field 208
keys field 207
menus 50
overview 33
placing clients 45
pointer button field 206
restarting 44
setting variables 205
Twm menu 35
.twmrc file 35
.twmrc file 15, 35, 45 - 46, 203 - 216
button/key bindings 206
changing defaults 205
example of 203
modifying 213
setting variables 205
U
UNIX commands
running in temporary xterm 75
user-contributed clients 150
Utilities menu
example of 209
uwm (window manager) 13
overview 555
.uwmrc file 557
WindowOps menu 556
.uwmrc file 557
V
variables 165 see also environment variables
Boolean 205
keyword 206
list 206
numeric 206
resource 167
setting .twmrc 205
vertical panes 153
viewport widget 154
Vpaned widget 153
VT Fonts menu 50
description of items 57
VT Options menu 50
Allow 80/132 Column Switching 56
description of items 55
mode toggles 56
VT102 (DEC) 14
Modes menu 55
VT Options menu 55
W
widget
attributes 184
binding (loose vs. tight) 184
command button 151
defining conventions 184
definition 150
dialog box 151
hierarchy 183
scrollbar 152
viewport 154
Vpaned 153
wildcarding font names 88 - 90
window dump 14 see also xwd
window dump file
creating (xwd) 140
displaying (xwud) 140
printing 140
to printer (xdpr) 141
undumping (xwud) 141
window manager 13, 33 - 46, 203 see also twm, uwm, mwm
steps for starting 23
Close 606
displaying 602
Lower 606
manipulating icons with 607
Maximize 606
Minimize 605
Move 604
reasons for using 602
removing menu 604
Restore 607
selecting items 603
Size 605
Window Menu command button 602
WindowOps menu
New Window 558
windows
definition 6
displayed as icons 36
displaying information about 144
enlarging 597
exiting xterm 25
focus 43
geometry of 166
hierarchy of 146
icon box 626
killing (Twm menu) 43
killing (Window Menu button) 602
killing (xkill) 141
lowering 42
manipulating (mwm) 594
maximizing 596
minimizing 596
redrawing 55
selecting (mwm) 592
starting as icon 176
switching focus between 25
Tektronix 49
terminating 54
title 165
title area 594
vertically tiled 153
width of 168
X
X Window System
description of 5
display server 11
ovetView of architecture 10
xbiff (mail notification) 133, 212
xcalc (calculator) 14, 132 - 133, 212, 528, 598
xclipboard (save text selections) 65, 68, 191
xclock (analog or digital clock) 14, 130 - 131, 206
killing 130
xcutsel (exchange cut buffer and selection) 65, 66
.Xdefaults file 52
vs. xrdb 192
.Xdefaults file see .Xresources
xdm (display manager) 14
access control features 548
authentication widget 535, 538, 544
configuration file 532
error log file 539
login window 20
standard session 535
stopping xdm and the server 540
Xreset 539
.xsession file 538
Xsession file 538
Xstartup 539
xdpr (window dump to printer) 141
xdpyinfo (list display information) 149
xedit (text editor) 71, 154, 207
XENVIRONMENT environment variable 199
xev (track events) 232
xfd (font displayer) 15, 80, 95, 141
xfontsel (select font) 80
xhost (control access to server) 547
xinit (start X server) 22, 527, 545
.xinitrc file 527
xkill (remove window) 141 - 144
xload (poll system load average) 28, 134
xlsclients (list running clients) 148 - 149
xlsfonts (list available fonts) 80
xlswins (list window tree) 146 - 148
xmag (magnify screen portion) 122 - 125
description of 122
quitting 123
xman
as a viewport 154
xman (display manual pages) 135
Release 3 138
xmodmap (modifier key and pointer customization) 227 - 237
display key map 230
display pointer map 236
grammar option 234
xpr (postscript translation) 15, 140 - 141
xrdb (resource database manager) 15, 192 - 199, 527
-edit option 197
loading new values to 196
querying 196
removing definitions 197
saving definitions 197
setting resources with 195
syntax 195
using 195
xrefresh (refresh screen) 55, 610
.Xresources file 15, 51, 52, 182, 536, 538, 542, 544
sample 193
.xresources file
customizing mwm through 610
-xrm option 194
Xsession file 538
xset (set display preferences) 14, 91, 210
auto display option 221
auto-repeat option 109
font path option 221
mouse option 222
xsetroot (set root window characteristics) 224 - 237
-bitmap option 224
-def option 224
xterm menus 49 - 59 see also Main Options menu, Tek Options menu, Vt Options menu
Modes 50
VT Fonts 50
VT Options 50
xterm 50
xterm (terminal emulator)
and termcap 526
control sequences 681
default size 45
multiple xterms 23
pasting and copying selections 152
running command in temporary window 75
scrollbar 59
Tektronix window 49
TERMCAP 74
terminal type 73
xwd (window dump) 14
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