Book description
The definitive guide to bringing accuracy to measurement, updated and supplementedAdjustment Computations is the classic textbook for spatial information analysis and adjustment computations, providing clear, easy-to-understand instruction backed by real-world practicality. From the basic terms and fundamentals of errors to specific adjustment computations and spatial information analysis, this book covers the methodologies and tools that bring accuracy to surveying, GNSS, GIS, and other spatial technologies. Broad in scope yet rich in detail, the discussion avoids overly-complex theory in favor of practical techniques for students and professionals. This new sixth edition has been updated to align with the latest developments in this rapidly expanding field, and includes new video lessons and updated problems, including worked problems in STATS, MATRIX, ADJUST, and MathCAD.
All measurement produces some amount of error; whether from human mistakes, instrumentation inaccuracy, or environmental features, these errors must be accounted and adjusted for when accuracy is critical. This book describes how errors are identified, analyzed, measured, and corrected, with a focus on least squares adjustment—the most rigorous methodology available.
- Apply industry-standard methodologies to error analysis and adjustment
- Translate your skills to the real-world with instruction focused on the practical
- Master the fundamentals as well as specific computations and analysis
- Strengthen your understanding of critical topics on the Fundamentals in Surveying Licensing Exam
As spatial technologies expand in both use and capability, so does our need for professionals who understand how to check and adjust for errors in spatial data. Conceptual knowledge is one thing, but practical skills are what counts when accuracy is at stake; Adjustment Computations provides the real-world training you need to identify, analyze, and correct for potentially crucial errors.
Table of contents
- COVER
- TITLE PAGE
- PREFACE
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
-
CHAPTER 2: OBSERVATIONS AND THEIR ANALYSIS
- 2.1 INTRODUCTION
- 2.2 SAMPLE VERSUS POPULATION
- 2.3 RANGE AND MEDIAN
- 2.4 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF DATA
- 2.5 NUMERICAL METHODS OF DESCRIBING DATA
- 2.6 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
- 2.7 ADDITIONAL DEFINITIONS
- 2.8 ALTERNATIVE FORMULA FOR DETERMINING VARIANCE
- 2.9 NUMERICAL EXAMPLES
- 2.10 ROOT MEAN SQUARE ERROR AND MAPPING STANDARDS
- 2.11 DERIVATION OF THE SAMPLE VARIANCE (BESSEL'S CORRECTION)
- 2.12 SOFTWARE
- PROBLEMS
- PRACTICAL EXERCISES
- CHAPTER 3: RANDOM ERROR THEORY
-
CHAPTER 4: CONFIDENCE INTERVALS
- 4.1 INTRODUCTION
- 4.2 DISTRIBUTIONS USED IN SAMPLING THEORY
- 4.3 CONFIDENCE INTERVAL FOR THE MEAN: T STATISTIC
- 4.4 TESTING THE VALIDITY OF THE CONFIDENCE INTERVAL
- 4.5 SELECTING A SAMPLE SIZE
- 4.6 CONFIDENCE INTERVAL FOR A POPULATION VARIANCE
- 4.7 CONFIDENCE INTERVAL FOR THE RATIO OF TWO POPULATION VARIANCES
- 4.8 SOFTWARE
- PROBLEMS
- NOTES
- CHAPTER 5: STATISTICAL TESTING
- CHAPTER 6: PROPAGATION OF RANDOM ERRORS IN INDIRECTLY MEASURED QUANTITIES
-
CHAPTER 7: ERROR PROPAGATION IN ANGLE AND DISTANCE OBSERVATIONS
- 7.1 INTRODUCTION
- 7.2 ERROR SOURCES IN HORIZONTAL ANGLES
- 7.3 READING ERRORS
- 7.4 POINTING ERRORS
- 7.5 ESTIMATED POINTING AND READING ERRORS WITH TOTAL STATIONS
- 7.6 TARGET-CENTERING ERRORS
- 7.7 INSTRUMENT CENTERING ERRORS
- 7.8 EFFECTS OF LEVELING ERRORS IN ANGLE OBSERVATIONS
- 7.9 NUMERICAL EXAMPLE OF COMBINED ERROR PROPAGATION IN A SINGLE HORIZONTAL ANGLE
- 7.10 USING ESTIMATED ERRORS TO CHECK ANGULAR MISCLOSURE IN A TRAVERSE
- 7.11 ERRORS IN ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS FOR AZIMUTH
- 7.12 ERRORS IN ELECTRONIC DISTANCE OBSERVATIONS
- 7.13 CENTERING ERRORS WHEN USING RANGE POLES
- 7.14 SOFTWARE
- PROBLEMS
- PROGRAMMING PROBLEMS
- NOTES
-
CHAPTER 8: ERROR PROPAGATION IN TRAVERSE SURVEYS
- 8.1 INTRODUCTION
- 8.2 DERIVATION OF ESTIMATED ERROR IN LATITUDE AND DEPARTURE
- 8.3 DERIVATION OF ESTIMATED STANDARD ERRORS IN COURSE AZIMUTHS
- 8.4 COMPUTING AND ANALYZING POLYGON TRAVERSE MISCLOSURE ERRORS
- 8.5 COMPUTING AND ANALYZING LINK TRAVERSE MISCLOSURE ERRORS
- 8.6 SOFTWARE
- 8.7 CONCLUSIONS
- PROBLEMS
- PROGRAMMING PROBLEMS
- NOTES
- CHAPTER 9: ERROR PROPAGATION IN ELEVATION DETERMINATION
- CHAPTER 10: WEIGHTS OF OBSERVATIONS
-
CHAPTER 11: PRINCIPLES OF LEAST SQUARES
- 11.1 INTRODUCTION
- 11.2 FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE OF LEAST SQUARES
- 11.3 THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE OF WEIGHTED LEAST SQUARES
- 11.4 THE STOCHASTIC MODEL
- 11.5 FUNCTIONAL MODEL
- 11.6 OBSERVATION EQUATIONS
- 11.7 SYSTEMATIC FORMULATION OF THE NORMAL EQUATIONS
- 11.8 TABULAR FORMATION OF THE NORMAL EQUATIONS
- 11.9 USING MATRICES TO FORM THE NORMAL EQUATIONS
- 11.10 LEAST SQUARES SOLUTION OF NONLINEAR SYSTEMS
- 11.11 LEAST SQUARES FIT OF POINTS TO A LINE OR CURVE
- 11.12 CALIBRATION OF AN EDM INSTRUMENT
- 11.13 LEAST SQUARES ADJUSTMENT USING CONDITIONAL EQUATIONS
- 11.14 THE PREVIOUS EXAMPLE USING OBSERVATION EQUATIONS
- 11.15 SOFTWARE
- PROBLEMS
- NOTES
- CHAPTER 12: ADJUSTMENT OF LEVEL NETS
- CHAPTER 13: PRECISIONS OF INDIRECTLY DETERMINED QUANTITIES
-
CHAPTER 14: ADJUSTMENT OF HORIZONTAL SURVEYS: TRILATERATION
- 14.1 INTRODUCTION
- 14.2 DISTANCE OBSERVATION EQUATION
- 14.3 TRILATERATION ADJUSTMENT EXAMPLE
- 14.4 FORMULATION OF A GENERALIZED COEFFICIENT MATRIX FOR A MORE COMPLEX NETWORK
- 14.5 COMPUTER SOLUTION OF A TRILATERATED QUADRILATERAL
- 14.6 ITERATION TERMINATION
- 14.7 SOFTWARE
- PROBLEMS
- PROGRAMMING PROBLEMS
- NOTES
- CHAPTER 15: ADJUSTMENT OF HORIZONTAL SURVEYS: TRIANGULATION
- CHAPTER 16: ADJUSTMENT OF HORIZONTAL SURVEYS: TRAVERSES AND HORIZONTAL NETWORKS
-
CHAPTER 17: ADJUSTMENT OF GNSS NETWORKS
- 17.1 INTRODUCTION
- 17.2 GNSS OBSERVATIONS
- 17.3 GNSS ERRORS AND THE NEED FOR ADJUSTMENT
- 17.4 REFERENCE COORDINATE SYSTEMS FOR GNSS OBSERVATIONS
- 17.5 CONVERTING BETWEEN THE TERRESTRIAL AND GEODETIC COORDINATE SYSTEMS
- 17.6 APPLICATION OF LEAST SQUARES IN PROCESSING GNSS DATA
- 17.7 NETWORK PREADJUSTMENT DATA ANALYSIS
- 17.8 LEAST SQUARES ADJUSTMENT OF GNSS NETWORKS
- PROBLEMS
- PROGRAMMING PROBLEMS
- NOTES
-
CHAPTER 18: COORDINATE TRANSFORMATIONS
- 18.1 INTRODUCTION
- 18.2 THE TWO-DIMENSIONAL CONFORMAL COORDINATE
- 18.3 EQUATION DEVELOPMENT
- 18.4 APPLICATION OF LEAST SQUARES
- 18.5 TWO-DIMENSIONAL AFFINE COORDINATE TRANSFORMATION
- 18.6 THE TWO-DIMENSIONAL PROJECTIVE COORDINATE TRANSFORMATION
- 18.7 THREE-DIMENSIONAL CONFORMAL COORDINATE TRANSFORMATION
- 18.8 STATISTICALLY VALID PARAMETERS
- PROBLEMS
- PROGRAMMING PROBLEMS
-
CHAPTER 19: ERROR ELLIPSE
- 19.1 INTRODUCTION
- 19.2 COMPUTATION OF ELLIPSE ORIENTATION AND SEMIAXES
- 19.3 EXAMPLE PROBLEM OF STANDARD ERROR ELLIPSE CALCULATIONS
- 19.4 ANOTHER EXAMPLE PROBLEM
- 19.5 THE ERROR ELLIPSE CONFIDENCE LEVEL
- 19.6 ERROR ELLIPSE ADVANTAGES
- 19.7 OTHER MEASURES OF STATION UNCERTAINTY
- PROBLEMS
- PROGRAMMING PROBLEMS
- NOTES
-
CHAPTER 20: CONSTRAINT EQUATIONS
- 20.1 INTRODUCTION
- 20.2 ADJUSTMENT OF CONTROL STATION COORDINATES
- 20.3 HOLDING CONTROL STATION COORDINATES AND DIRECTIONS OF LINES FIXED IN A TRILATERATION ADJUSTMENT
- 20.4 HELMERT'S METHOD
- 20.5 REDUNDANCIES IN A CONSTRAINED ADJUSTMENT
- 20.6 ENFORCING CONSTRAINTS THROUGH WEIGHTING
- PROBLEMS
- PRACTICAL PROBLEMS
-
CHAPTER 21: BLUNDER DETECTION IN HORIZONTAL NETWORKS
- 21.1 INTRODUCTION
- 21.2 A PRIORI METHODS FOR DETECTING BLUNDERS IN OBSERVATIONS
- 21.3 A POSTERIORI BLUNDER DETECTION
- 21.4 DEVELOPMENT OF THE COVARIANCE MATRIX FOR THE RESIDUALS
- 21.5 DETECTION OF OUTLIERS IN OBSERVATIONS: DATA SNOOPING
- 21.6 DETECTION OF OUTLIERS IN OBSERVATIONS: THE TAU CRITERION
- 21.7 TECHNIQUES USED IN ADJUSTING CONTROL
- 21.8 A DATA SET WITH BLUNDERS
- 21.9 SOME FURTHER CONSIDERATIONS
- 21.10 SURVEY DESIGN
- 21.11 SOFTWARE
- PROBLEMS
- PRACTICAL PROBLEMS
- NOTES
-
CHAPTER 22: THE GENERAL LEAST SQUARES METHOD AND ITS APPLICATION TO CURVE FITTING AND COORDINATE TRANSFORMATIONS
- 22.1 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL LEAST SQUARES
- 22.2 GENERAL LEAST SQUARES EQUATIONS FOR FITTING A STRAIGHT LINE
- 22.3 GENERAL LEAST SQUARES SOLUTION
- 22.4 TWO-DIMENSIONAL COORDINATE TRANSFORMATION BY GENERAL LEAST SQUARES
- 22.5 THREE-DIMENSIONAL CONFORMAL COORDINATE TRANSFORMATION BY GENERAL LEAST SQUARES
- PROBLEMS
- PROGRAMMING PROBLEMS
- CHAPTER 23: THREE-DIMENSIONAL GEODETIC NETWORK ADJUSTMENT
- CHAPTER 24: COMBINING GNSS AND TERRESTRIAL OBSERVATIONS
- CHAPTER 25: ANALYSIS OF ADJUSTMENTS
-
CHAPTER 26: COMPUTER OPTIMIZATION
- 26.1 INTRODUCTION
- 26.2 STORAGE OPTIMIZATION
- 26.3 DIRECT FORMATION OF THE NORMAL EQUATIONS
- 26.4 CHOLESKY DECOMPOSITION
- 26.5 FORWARD AND BACK SOLUTIONS
- 26.6 USING THE CHOLESKY FACTOR TO FIND THE INVERSE OF THE NORMAL MATRIX
- 26.7 SPARENESS AND OPTIMIZATION OF THE NORMAL MATRIX
- PROBLEMS
- PROGRAMMING PROBLEMS
- NOTES
-
APPENDIX A: INTRODUCTION TO MATRICES
- A.1 INTRODUCTION
- A.2 DEFINITION OF A MATRIX
- A.3 SIZE OR DIMENSIONS OF A MATRIX
- A.4 TYPES OF MATRICES
- A.5 MATRIX EQUALITY
- A.6 ADDITION OR SUBTRACTION OF MATRICES
- A.7 SCALAR MULTIPLICATION OF A MATRIX
- A.8 MATRIX MULTIPLICATION
- A.9 COMPUTER ALGORITHMS FOR MATRIX OPERATIONS
- A.10 USE OF THE MATRIX SOFTWARE
- PROBLEMS
- PROGRAMMING PROBLEMS
- NOTE
- APPENDIX B: SOLUTION OF EQUATIONS BY MATRIX METHODS
- APPENDIX C: NONLINEAR EQUATIONS AND TAYLOR'S THEOREM
- APPENDIX D: THE NORMAL ERROR DISTRIBUTION CURVE AND OTHER STATISTICAL TABLES
- APPENDIX E: CONFIDENCE INTERVALS FOR THE MEAN
- APPENDIX F: MAP PROJECTION COORDINATE SYSTEMS
- APPENDIX G: COMPANION WEBSITE
- APPENDIX H: ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- INDEX
- END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT
Product information
- Title: Adjustment Computations, 6th Edition
- Author(s):
- Release date: October 2017
- Publisher(s): Wiley
- ISBN: 9781119385981
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