book

Advanced Digital Optical Communications, 2nd Edition

Name: Advanced Digital Optical Communications, 2nd Edition
Author: Le Nguyen Binh
ISBN: 9781351831277

by Le Nguyen Binh

November 2017

Intermediate to advanced

937 pages

32h 16m

English

CRC Press

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Cover Page
Half title page
Copyright page
Dedication
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Author
Acronyms
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Digital Optical Communications and Transmission Systems: Challenging Issues1.2 Enabling Technologies1.2.1 Modulation Formats and Optical Signal Generation1.2.1.1 Binary Level1.2.1.2 Binary and Multilevel1.2.1.3 In-Phase and Quadrature-Phase Channels1.2.1.4 External Optical Modulation1.2.2 Advanced Modulation Formats1.2.3 Incoherent Optical Receivers1.2.4 DSP-Coherent Optical Receivers1.2.5 Transmission of Ultra-Short Pulse Sequence1.2.6 Electronic Equalization1.2.6.1 Feed-Forward Equalizer1.2.6.2 Decision Feedback Equalization1.2.6.3 Minimum Mean Square Error Equalization1.2.6.4 Placement of Equalizers1.2.6.5 MLSE Electronic Equalizers1.2.7 Ultra-Short Pulse Transmission1.3 Organization of the Book ChaptersReferences

Chapter 2 Optical Fibers
2.1 Overview2.2 Optical Fiber: General Properties2.2.1 Geometrical Structures and Index Profile2.2.2 Fundamental Mode of Weakly Guiding Fibers2.2.2.1 Solutions of the Wave Equation for Step-Index Fiber2.2.2.2 Single-Mode and Few-Mode Conditions2.2.2.3 Gaussian Approximation: Fundamental Mode Revisited2.2.2.4 Cutoff Properties2.2.2.5 Power Distribution2.2.2.6 Approximation of Spot Size r0 of Step-Index Fiber2.2.3 Equivalent Step-Index Description2.3 Nonlinear Effects2.3.1 Nonlinear Self-Phase Modulation Effects2.3.2 Self-Phase Modulation2.3.3 Cross-Phase Modulation2.3.4 Stimulated Scattering Effects2.3.4.1 Stimulated Brillouin Scattering2.3.4.2 Stimulated Raman Scattering2.3.4.3 Four-Wave Mixing Effects2.4 Signal Attenuation in Optical Fibers2.4.1 Intrinsic or Material Absorption Losses2.4.2 Waveguide Losses2.4.3 Attenuation Coefficient2.5 Signal Distortion through Optical Fibers2.5.1 Material Dispersion2.5.2 Waveguide Dispersion2.5.2.1 Alternative Expression for Waveguide Dispersion Parameter2.5.2.2 Higher-Order Dispersion2.5.3 Polarization-Mode Dispersion2.6 Transfer Function of Single-Mode Fibers2.6.1 Linear Transfer Function2.6.2 Nonlinear Fiber Transfer Function2.6.3 Transmission Bit Rate and the Dispersion Factor2.7 Fiber Nonlinearity Revisited2.7.1 SPM and XPM Effects2.7.2 SPM and Modulation Instability2.7.3 Effects of Mode Hopping2.7.4 SPM and Intrachannel Nonlinear Effects2.7.5 Nonlinear Phase Noises in Cascaded Multispan Optical Link2.8 Special Dispersion Optical Fibers2.9 SMF Transfer Function: Simplified Linear and Nonlinear Operating Region2.10 Numerical Solution: Split-Step Fourier Method2.10.1 Symmetrical SSFM2.10.1.1 Modeling of PMD2.10.1.2 Optimization of Symmetrical SSFM2.11 Concluding RemarksReferences
Chapter 3 Optical Transmitters
3.1 Optical Modulators3.1.1 Phase Modulators3.1.2 Intensity Modulators3.1.2.1 Phasor Representation and Transfer Characteristics3.1.2.2 Chirp-Free Optical Modulators3.1.3 Structures of Photonic Modulators3.1.4 Operating Parameters of Optical Modulators3.2 Return-to-Zero Optical Pulses3.2.1 Generation3.2.2 Phasor Representation3.2.2.1 Phasor Representation of CSRZ Pulses3.2.2.2 Phasor Representation of RZ33 Pulses3.3 Differential Phase Shift Keying3.3.1 Background3.3.2 Optical DPSK Transmitter3.4 Generation of Modulation Formats3.4.1 Amplitude–Modulation ASK-NRZ and ASK-RZ3.4.1.1 Amplitude–Modulation OOK-RZ Formats3.4.1.2 Amplitude–Modulation CSRZ Formats3.4.2 Discrete Phase Modulation NRZ Formats3.4.2.1 Differential Phase Shift Keying3.4.2.2 Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying3.4.2.3 Generation of M-ary Amplitude Differential Phase Shift Keying Using One MZIM3.4.3 Continuous Phase Modulation PM-NRZ Formats3.4.3.1 Linear and Nonlinear MSK3.4.3.2 MSK as a Special Case of CPFSK3.4.3.3 MSK as ODQPSK3.4.3.4 Configuration of Photonic MSK Transmitter Using Two Cascaded Electro-Optic Phase Modulators3.4.3.5 Configuration of Optical MSK Transmitter Using Mach–Zehnder Intensity Modulators: I–Q Approach3.4.4 Single-Sideband Optical Modulators3.4.4.1 Operating Principles3.4.4.2 Optical RZ MSK3.4.5 Multicarrier Multiplexing Optical Modulators3.4.6 Spectra of Modulation Formats3.5 Spectral Characteristics of Digital Modulation Formats3.6 I–Q Integrated Modulators3.6.1 In-Phase and Quadrature-Phase Optical Modulators3.6.2 I–Q Modulator and Electronic Digital Multiplexing for Ultra-High Bit Rates3.7 Digital-to-Analog Converter for DSP-Based Modulation and Transmitter3.7.1 Fujitsu DAC3.7.2 Structure3.7.3 Generation of I and Q Components3.8 Concluding Remarks3.9 Problems on Transmitter (Tx) for Advanced Modulation Formats for Long-Haul Transmission SystemsReferences
Chapter 4 Optical Receivers and Transmission Performance: Fundamentals
4.1 Introduction4.2 Digital Optical Receivers4.2.1 Photonic and Electronic Noise4.2.1.1 Electronic Noise of Receiver4.2.1.2 Shot Noise4.2.1.3 Thermal Noise4.2.1.4 ASE Noise of Optical Amplifier4.2.1.5 Optical Amplifier Noise Figure4.2.1.6 Electronic Beating Noise4.2.1.7 Accumulated ASE Noise in Cascaded Optical Amplifiers4.3 Performance Evaluation of Binary Amplitude Modulation Format4.3.1 Received Signals4.3.1.1 Case 1: OFF or a Transmitted 0 Is Received4.3.1.2 Case 2: ON Transmitted 1 Received4.3.2 Probability Distribution Functions4.3.3 Receiver Sensitivity4.3.4 OSNR and Noise Impact4.3.4.1 Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio4.3.4.2 Determination of the Impact of Noise4.4 Quantum Limit of Optical Receivers under Different Modulation Formats4.4.1 Direct Detection4.4.2 Coherent Detection4.4.3 Coherent Detection with Matched Filter4.4.3.1 Coherent ASK Systems4.4.3.2 Coherent Phase and Frequency Shift Keying Systems4.5 Binary Coherent Optical Receiver4.6 Noncoherent Detection for Optical DPSK and MSK4.6.1 Photonic Balanced Receiver4.6.2 Optical Frequency Discrimination Receiver4.7 Transmission Impairments4.7.1 Chromatic Dispersion4.7.2 Chromatic Linear Dispersion4.7.3 Polarization-Mode Dispersion4.7.4 Fiber Nonlinearity4.8 MATLAB® and Simulink® Simulator for Optical Communications Systems4.8.1 Fiber Propagation Model4.8.1.1 Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation4.8.1.2 Symmetrical Split-Step Fourier Method4.8.1.3 Modeling of PMD4.8.1.4 Optimizing the Symmetrical SSFM4.8.1.5 Fiber Propagation in Linear Domain4.8.2 Nonlinear Effects via Fiber Propagation Model4.8.2.1 SPM Effects4.8.2.2 XPM Effects4.8.2.3 FWM Effects4.8.2.4 SRS Effects4.8.2.5 SBS Effects4.9 Performance Evaluation4.9.1 BER from Monte Carlo Method4.9.2 BER and Q Factor from Probability Distribution Functions4.9.3 Histogram Approximation4.9.4 Optical SNR4.9.5 Eye Opening Penalty4.9.6 Statistical Evaluation Techniques4.9.6.1 Multi-Gaussian Distributions via Expectation Maximization Theorem4.9.6.2 Selection of Number of Gaussian Distributions for MGD Fitting4.9.7 Generalized Pareto Distribution4.9.7.1 Selection of Threshold for GPD Fitting4.9.7.2 Validation of Novel Statistical Methods4.9.8 Novel BER Statistical Techniques4.9.8.1 MGDs and EM Theorem4.10 Effects of Source Linewidth4.11 Concluding Remarks4.12 ProblemsAppendix 4A: Sellmeier’s Coefficients for Different Core MaterialsAppendix 4B: Total Equivalent Electronic NoiseReferences
Chapter 5 Optical Coherent Detection and Processing Systems
5.1 Introduction5.2 Coherent Receiver Components5.3 Coherent Detection5.3.1 Optical Heterodyne Detection5.3.1.1 ASK Coherent System5.3.1.2 PSK Coherent System5.3.1.3 Differential Detection5.3.1.4 FSK Coherent System5.3.2 Optical Homodyne Detection5.3.2.1 Detection and Optical PLL5.3.2.2 Quantum Limit Detection5.3.2.3 Linewidth Influences5.3.3 Optical Intradyne Detection5.4 Self-Coherent Detection and Electronic DSP5.5 Electronic Amplifiers: Responses and Noise5.5.1 Introduction5.5.2 Wideband TIAs5.5.2.1 Single Input, Single Output5.5.2.2 Differential Inputs, Single/Differential Output5.5.3 Amplifier Noise Referred to Input5.6 Digital Signal Processing Systems and Coherent Optical Reception5.6.1 DSP-Assisted Coherent Detection5.6.1.1 DSP-Based Reception Systems5.6.2 Coherent Reception Analysis5.6.2.1 Sensitivity5.6.2.2 Shot-Noise-Limited Receiver Sensitivity5.6.2.3 Receiver Sensitivity under Nonideal Conditions5.6.3 Digital Processing Systems5.6.3.1 Effective Number of Bits5.6.3.2 Digital Processors5.7 Concluding RemarksReferences
Chapter 6 Differential Phase Shift Keying Photonic Systems
6.1 Introduction6.2 Optical DPSK Modulation and Formats6.2.1 Generation of RZ Pulses6.2.2 Phasor Representation6.2.3 Phasor Representation of CSRZ Pulses6.2.4 Phasor Representation of RZ33 Pulses6.2.5 Discrete Phase Modulation—DPSK6.2.5.1 Principles of DPSK and Theoretical Treatment of DPSK and DQPSK Transmission6.2.5.2 Optical DPSK Transmitter6.2.6 DPSK-Balanced Receiver6.3 DPSK Transmission Experiment6.3.1 Components and Operational Characteristics6.3.2 Spectra of Modulation Formats6.3.3 Dispersion Tolerance of Optical DPSK Formats6.3.4 Optical Filtering Effects6.3.5 Performance of CSRZ-DPSK over a Dispersion-Managed Optical Transmission Link6.3.6 Mutual Impact of Adjacent 10G and 40G DWDM Channels6.4 DQPSK Modulation Format6.4.1 DQPSK6.4.2 Offset DQPSK Modulation Format6.4.2.1 Influence of the Minimum Symbol Distance on Receiver Sensitivity6.4.2.2 Influence of Self-Homodyne Detection on Receiver Sensitivity6.4.3 MATLAB® and Simulink® Model6.4.3.1 Simulink® Model6.4.3.2 Eye Diagrams6.5 Comparisons of Different Formats and ASK and DPSK6.5.1 BER and Receiver Sensitivity6.5.1.1 RZ-ASK and NRZ-ASK6.5.1.2 RZ-DPSK and NRZ-DQPSK6.5.1.3 RZ-ASK and NRZ-DQPSK6.5.2 Dispersion Tolerance6.5.3 PMD Tolerance6.5.4 Robustness toward Nonlinear Effects6.5.4.1 Robustness toward SPM6.5.4.2 Robustness toward Cross-Phase Modulation6.5.4.3 Robustness toward Four-Wave Mixing6.5.4.4 Robustness toward Stimulated Raman Scattering6.5.4.5 Robustness toward Stimulated Brillouin Scattering6.6 Concluding RemarksAppendix 6A: MATLAB® and Simulink® Model for DQPSK Optical SystemReferences
Chapter 7 Multilevel Amplitude and Phase Shift Keying Optical Transmission
7.1 Introduction7.2 Amplitude and Differential Phase Modulation7.2.1 ASK Modulation7.2.1.1 NRZ-ASK Modulation7.2.1.2 RZ-ASK Modulation7.2.1.3 CSRZ-ASK Modulation7.2.2 Differential Phase Modulation7.2.3 Comparison of Different Amplitude and Phase Optical Modulation Formats7.2.4 Multilevel Optical Transmitter Using Single Dual-Drive MZIM Transmitter7.3 MADPSK Optical Transmission7.3.1 Performance Evaluation7.3.2 Implementation of MADPSK Transmission Models7.3.3 Transmitter Model7.3.4 Receiver Model7.3.5 Transmission Fiber and Dispersion Compensation Fiber Model7.3.6 Transmission Performance7.3.6.1 Signal Spectrum, Signal Constellation, and Eye Diagram7.3.6.2 BER Evaluation7.3.6.3 ASK Subsystem Error Probability7.3.6.4 DQPSK Subsystem Error Probability Evaluation7.3.6.5 MADPSK System BER Evaluation7.3.6.6 Chromatic DT7.3.6.7 Critical Issues7.3.6.8 Offset Detection7.4 Star 16-QAM Optical Transmission7.4.1 Introduction7.4.2 Design of 16-QAM Signal Constellation7.4.3 Signal Constellation7.4.4 Optimum Ring Ratio for Star Constellation7.4.4.1 Square 16-QAM7.4.4.2 Offset-Square 16-QAM7.4.5 Detection Methods7.4.5.1 Direct Detection7.4.5.2 Coherent Detection7.4.6 Transmitter Design7.4.7 Receiver for 16-Star QAM7.4.7.1 Coherent Detection Receiver without Phase Estimation7.4.7.2 Coherent Detection Receiver with Phase Estimation7.4.7.3 Direct Detection Receiver7.4.7.4 Coherent Receiver without Phase Estimation7.4.7.5 Remarks7.4.8 Other Multilevel and Multi-Subcarrier Modulation Formats for 100 Gbps Ethernet Transmission7.4.8.1 Multilevel Modulation7.4.8.2 Optical Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing7.4.8.3 100 Gbps 8-DPSK–2-ASK 16-Star QAM7.4.9 Concluding Remarks7.4.9.1 Offset MADPSK Modulation7.4.9.2 MAMSK Modulation7.4.9.3 Star QAM Coherent DetectionReferences
Chapter 8 Continuous Phase Modulation Format Optical Systems
8.1 Introduction8.2 Generation of Optical MSK-Modulated Signals8.3 Detection of M-ary CPFSK-Modulated Optical Signal8.3.1 Optical MSK Transmitter Using Parallel I–Q MZIMs 8.3.1.1 Linear MSK8.3.1.2 Weakly Nonlinear MSK8.3.1.3 Strongly Nonlinear MSK8.3.2 Optical MSK Receivers8.4 Optical Binary Amplitude MSK Format8.4.1 Generation8.4.2 Optical MSK8.5 Numerical Results and Discussion8.5.1 Transmission Performance of Linear and Nonlinear Optical MSK Systems8.5.2 Transmission Performance of Binary Amplitude Optical MSK Systems8.6 Concluding RemarksReferences
Chapter 9 Frequency Discrimination Reception for Optical Minimum Shift Keying
9.1 Introduction9.2 ONFDR Operational Principles9.3 Receiver Modeling9.4 Receiver Design9.4.1 Optical Filter Passband9.4.2 Center Frequency of the Optical Filter9.4.3 Optimum ODL9.5 ONFDR Optimum Bandwidth and Center Frequency9.6 Receiver Performance: Numerical Validation9.7 ONFDR Robustness to Chromatic Dispersion9.7.1 Dispersion Tolerance9.7.2 10 Gbps Transmission9.7.3 Robustness to PMD of ONFDR9.7.4 Resilience to Nonlinearity (SPM) of ONFDR9.7.5 Transmission Limits of OFDR-Based Optical MSK Systems9.8 Dual-Level Optical MSK9.8.1 Generation Scheme9.8.2 Incoherent Detection Technique9.8.3 Optical Power Spectrum9.8.4 Receiver Sensitivity9.8.5 Remarks9.9 Concluding RemarksReferences
Chapter 10 Partial Responses and Single-Sideband Optical Modulation
10.1 Partial Responses: DBM Formats10.1.1 Introduction10.1.2 DBM Formatter10.1.3 40 Gbps DB Optical Fiber Transmission Systems10.1.4 Electro-Optic Duobinary Transmitter10.1.5 DB Encoder10.1.6 External Modulator10.1.7 DB Transmitters and Precoder10.1.8 Alternative Phase DB Transmitter10.1.9 Fiber Propagation10.2 DB Direct Detection Receiver10.3 System Transmission and Performance10.3.1 DB Encoder10.3.2 Transmitter10.3.3 Transmission Performance10.3.4 Alternating-Phase and Variable-Pulse-Width DB: Experimental Setup and Transmission Performance10.3.4.1 Transmission Setup10.3.4.2 Test Bed for Variable-Pulse-Width Alternating-Phase DBM Optical Transmission10.3.4.3 CSRZ-DPSK Experimental Transmission Platform and Transmission Performance10.3.5 Remarks10.4 DWDM VSB Modulation-Format Optical transmission10.4.1 Transmission System10.4.2 VSB Filtering and DWDM Channels10.4.3 Transmission Dispersion and Compensation Fibers10.4.4 Transmission Performance10.4.4.1 Effects of Channel Spacing on Q Factor10.4.4.2 Effects of GVD on Q Factor10.4.4.3 Effects of Filter Passband on the Q Factor10.5 Single-Sideband Modulation10.5.1 Hilbert Transform SSB MZ Modulator Simulation10.5.2 SSB Demodulator Simulation10.6 Concluding RemarksReferences
Chapter 11 OFDM Optical Transmission Systems
11.1 Introduction11.1.1 Principles of oOFDM: OFDM as a Multicarrier Modulation Format11.1.1.1 Spectra11.1.1.2 Orthogonality11.1.1.3 Subcarriers and Pulse Shaping11.1.1.4 OFDM Receiver11.1.2 FFT- and IFFT-Based OFDM Principles11.2 Optical OFDM Transmission Systems11.2.1 Impacts of Nonlinear Modulation Effects on Optical OFDM11.2.2 Dispersion Tolerance11.2.3 Resilience to PMD Effects11.3 OFDM and DQPSK Formats for 100 Gbps Ethernet11.4 Concluding RemarksReferences
Chapter 12 Digital Signal Processing in Optical Transmission Systems under Self-Homodyne Coherent Reception
12.1 Introduction12.2 Electronic Digital Processing Equalization12.3 System Representation of Equalized Transfer Function12.3.1 Generic Equalization Formulation12.3.1.1 Signal Representation and Channel Pure Phase Distortion12.3.1.2 Equalizers at Receiver12.3.1.3 Equalizers at the Transmitter12.3.1.4 Equalization Shared between Receiver and Transmitter12.3.1.5 Performance of FFE and DFE12.3.2 Impulse and Step Responses of the Single-Mode Optical Fiber12.4 Electrical Linear Double-Sampling Equalizers for Duobinary Modulation Formats for Optical Transmission12.5 MLSE Equalizer for Optical MSK Systems12.5.1 Configuration of MLSE Equalizer in OFDR12.5.2 MLSE Equalizer with Viterbi Algorithm12.5.3 MLSE Equalizer with Reduced-State Template Matching12.6 MLSE Scheme Performance12.6.1 Performance of MLSE Schemes in 40 Gbps Transmission12.6.2 Transmission of 10 Gbps Optical MSK Signals over 1472 km SSMF Uncompensated Optical Link12.6.3 Performance Limits of Viterbi-MLSE Equalizers12.6.4 Viterbi-MLSE Equalizers for PMD Mitigation12.6.5 The Uncertainty and Transmission Limitation of the Equalization Process12.7 Nonlinear MLSE Equalizers for MSK Optical Transmission Systems12.7.1 Nonlinear MLSE12.7.2 Trellis Structure and Viterbi Algorithm12.7.2.1 Trellis Structure12.7.2.2 Viterbi Algorithm12.7.3 Optical Fiber as an FSM12.8 Uncertainties in Optical Signal Transmission12.8.1 Uncertainty in ASK Modulation Optical Receiver without Equalization12.8.2 Uncertainty in MSK Optical Receiver with Equalization12.9 Electronic Dispersion Compensation of Modulation Formats12.10 Concluding RemarksReferences
Chapter 13 DSP-Based Coherent Optical Transmission Systems
13.1 Introduction13.2 Quadrature Phase Shift Keying Systems13.2.1 Carrier Phase Recovery13.2.2 112G QPSK Coherent Transmission Systems13.2.3 I–Q Imbalance Estimation Results13.2.4 Skew Estimation13.2.5 Fractionally Spaced Equalization of CD and PMD13.2.6 Linear and Nonlinear Equalization, and Back Propagation Compensation of Linear and Nonlinear Phase Distortion13.3 16QAM Systems13.4 Terabits/Second Superchannel Transmission Systems13.4.1 Overview13.4.2 Nyquist Pulse and Spectra13.4.3 Superchannel System Requirements13.4.3.1 Transmission Distance13.4.3.2 CD Tolerance13.4.3.3 PMD Tolerance13.4.3.4 SOP Rotation Speed13.4.3.5 Modulation Format13.4.3.6 Spectral Efficiency13.4.4 System Structure13.4.4.1 DSP-Based Coherent Receiver13.4.4.2 Optical Fourier Transform–Based Structure13.4.4.3 Processing13.4.5 Timing Recovery in Nyquist QAM Channel13.4.6 128 Gbps 16QAM Superchannel Transmission13.4.7 450 Gbps 32QAM Nyquist Transmission Systems13.4.8 DSP-Based Heterodyne Coherent Reception Systems13.5 Concluding RemarksReferences
Chapter 14 DSP Algorithms and Coherent Transmission Systems
14.1 Introduction14.2 General Algorithms for Optical Communications Systems14.2.1 Equalization of DAC-Limited Bandwidth for Tbps Transmission14.2.1.1 Motivation14.2.1.2 Experimental Setup and Bandwidth-Limited Equalization14.2.2 Linear Equalization14.2.2.1 Basic Assumptions14.2.2.2 Zero-Forcing Linear Equalization14.2.2.3 ZF-LE for Fiber as Transmission Channel14.2.2.4 Feedback Transversal Filter14.2.2.5 Tolerance to Additive Gaussian Noises14.2.2.6 Equalization with Minimizing MSE in Equalized Signals14.2.2.7 Constant Modulus Algorithm for Blind Equalization and Carrier Phase Recovery14.2.3 NLE or DFE14.2.3.1 DD Cancellation of ISI14.2.3.2 Zero-Forcing Nonlinear Equalization14.2.3.3 Linear and Nonlinear Equalization of Factorized Channel Response14.2.3.4 Equalization with Minimizing MSE in Equalized Signals14.3 Maximum A Posteriori Technique for Phase Estimation14.3.1 Method14.3.2 Estimates14.4 Carrier Phase Estimation14.4.1 Remarks14.4.2 Correction of Phase Noise and Nonlinear Effects14.4.3 Forward Phase Estimation QPSK Optical Coherent Receivers14.4.4 Carrier Recovery in Polarization Division Multiplexed Receivers: A Case Study14.4.4.1 FO Oscillations and Q Penalties14.4.4.2 Algorithm and Demonstration of Carrier Phase Recovery14.4.4.3 Modified Gardner Phase Detector for Nyquist Coherent Optical Transmission Systems14.5 Systems Performance of MLSE Equalizer–MSK Optical Transmission Systems14.5.1 MLSE Equalizer for Optical MSK Systems14.5.1.1 Configuration of MLSE Equalizer in Optical Frequency Discrimination Receiver14.5.1.2 MLSE Equalizer with Viterbi Algorithm14.5.1.3 MLSE Equalizer with Reduced-State Template Matching14.5.2 MLSE Scheme Performance14.5.2.1 Performance of MLSE Schemes in 40 Gbps Transmission Systems14.5.2.2 Transmission of 10 Gbps Optical MSK Signals over 1472 km SSMF Uncompensated Optical Links14.5.2.3 Performance Limits of Viterbi-MLSE Equalizers14.5.2.4 Viterbi-MLSE Equalizers for PMD Mitigation14.5.2.5 Uncertainty and Transmission Limitation of the Equalization Process14.6 Adaptive Joint CR and Turbo Decoding for Nyquist Terabit Optical Transmission in the Presence of Phase Noise14.6.1 Motivation14.6.2 Terabit Experiment Setup and Algorithm PrincipleReferences
Chapter 15 Optical Soliton Transmission System
15.1 Introduction15.2 Fundamentals of Nonlinear Propagation Theory15.3 Numerical Approach15.3.1 Beam Propagation Method15.3.2 Analytical Approach—ISM15.3.2.1 Soliton N = 1 by Inverse Scattering15.3.2.2 Soliton N = 2 by Inverse Scattering15.4 Fundamental and Higher-Order Solitons15.4.1 Soliton Evolution for N = 1, 2, 3, 4, and 515.4.2 Soliton Breakdown15.5 Interaction of Fundamental Solitons15.5.1 Two Solitons’ Interaction with Different Pulse Separation15.5.2 Two Solitons’ Interaction with Different Relative Amplitude15.5.3 Two Solitons’ Interaction under Different Relative Phases15.5.4 Triple Solitons’ Interaction under Different Relative Phases15.5.5 Triple Solitons’ Interaction with Different Relative Phases and r = 1.515.6 Soliton Pulse Transmission Systems and ISM15.6.1 ISM Revisited15.6.1.1 Step 1: Direct Scattering15.6.1.2 Step 2: Evolution of the Scattering Data15.6.1.3 Step 3: Inverse Spectral Transform15.6.2 ISM Solutions for Solitons15.6.2.1 Step 1: Direct Scattering Problem15.6.2.2 Step 2: Evolution of the Scattering Data15.6.2.3 Step 3: Inverse Scattering Problem15.6.3 N-Soliton Solution (Explicit Formula)15.6.4 Special Case A = N 15.6.5 N-Soliton Solution (Asymptotic Form as τ → ±∞)15.6.6 Bound States and Multiple Eigenvalues15.7 Interaction between Two Solitons in an Optical Fiber15.7.1 Soliton Pair with Initial Identical Phases15.7.2 Soliton Pair with Initial Equal Amplitudes15.7.3 Soliton Pair with Initial Unequal Amplitudes15.7.4 Design Strategy15.8 Generation of Bound Solitons15.8.1 Generation of Bound Solitons in Actively Phase Modulation Mode-Locked Fiber Ring Resonators15.8.1.1 Introduction15.8.1.2 Formation of Bound States in an FM MLFL15.8.1.3 Experimental Setup and Results15.8.1.4 Simulation of Dynamics of Bound States in an FM MLFL15.8.2 Active Harmonic MLFL for Soliton Generation15.8.2.1 Experiment Setup15.8.2.2 Tunable Wavelength Harmonic Mode-Locked Pulses15.8.2.3 Measurement of the Fundamental Frequency15.8.2.4 Effect of the Modulation Frequency15.8.2.5 Effect of the Modulation Depth/Index15.8.2.6 Effect of Fiber Ring Length15.8.2.7 Effect of Pump Power15.9 Concluding RemarksReferences
Chapter 16 Higher-Order Spectrum Coherent Receivers
16.1 Bispectrum Optical Receivers and Nonlinear Photonic Preprocessing16.1.1 Introductory Remarks16.1.2 Bispectrum16.1.3 Bispectrum Coherent Optical Receiver16.1.4 Triple Correlation and Bispectra16.1.4.1 Definition16.1.4.2 Gaussian Noise Rejection16.1.4.3 Encoding of Phase Information16.1.4.4 Eliminating Gaussian Noise16.1.5 Transmission and Detection16.1.5.1 Optical Transmission Route and Simulation Platform16.1.5.2 FWM and Bispectrum Receiving16.1.5.3 Performance16.2 Nonlinear Photonic Signal Processing Using Higher-Order Spectra16.2.1 Introductory Remarks16.2.2 FWM and Photonic Processing for Higher-Order Spectra16.2.2.1 Bispectral Optical Structures16.2.2.2 Phenomena of FWM16.2.3 Third-Order Nonlinearity and Parametric FWM Process16.2.3.1 Nonlinear Wave Equation16.2.3.2 FWM Coupled-Wave Equations16.2.3.3 Phase Matching16.2.3.4 Coupled Equations and Conversion Efficiency16.2.4 Optical Domain Implementation16.2.4.1 Nonlinear Wave Guide16.2.4.2 Third Harmonic Conversion16.2.4.3 Conservation of Momentum16.2.4.4 Estimate of Optical Power Required for FWM16.2.5 Transmission Models and Nonlinear Guided Wave Devices16.3 System Applications of Third-Order Parametric Nonlinearity in Optical Signal Processing16.3.1 Parametric Amplifiers16.3.1.1 Wavelength Conversion and Nonlinear Phase Conjugation16.3.1.2 High-Speed Optical Switching16.3.1.3 Triple Correlation16.3.1.4 Remarks16.3.2 Nonlinear Photonic Preprocessing in Coherent Reception Systems16.4 Concluding RemarksReferences
Chapter 17 Temporal Lens and Adaptive Electronic/Photonic Equalization
17.1 Introduction17.2 Space–Time Duality and Equalization17.2.1 Space–Time Duality17.2.1.1 Paraxial Diffraction17.2.1.2 Governing Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation17.2.1.3 Diffractive and Dispersive Phases17.2.1.4 Spatial Lens17.2.1.5 Time Lens17.2.1.6 Temporal Imaging17.2.1.7 Electro-Optic Phase Modulator as a Time Lens17.2.2 Equalization in Transmission System 17.2.2.1 Equalization with Sinusoidal Driven Voltage Phase Modulator17.2.2.2 Equalization with Parabolic Driven Voltage Phase Modulator17.3 Simulation of Transmission and Equalization17.3.1 Single-Pulse Transmission17.3.1.1 Equalization of Second-Order Dispersion17.3.1.2 Equalization of TOD17.3.2 Pulse Train Transmission17.3.2.1 Second-Order Dispersion17.3.2.2 Equalization of TOD17.3.3 Equalization of Timing Jitter and PMD17.4 Equalization in 160 Gbps Transmission System17.4.1 System Overview17.4.1.1 System Configurations17.4.1.2 Experimental Setup17.4.2 Simulation Model Overview17.4.2.1 System Overview17.4.2.2 Transmitter Block17.4.2.3 Transmission Link17.4.2.4 Demultiplexer17.4.2.5 Equalizer System17.4.2.6 Errors Calculation17.4.3 Simulation Results17.4.3.1 Single-Pulse Transmission17.4.3.2 160 Gbps Transmission and Equalization17.5 Concluding RemarksReferences
Chapter 18 Comparison of Modulation Formats for Digital Optical Communications
18.1 Identification of Modulation Features for Combating Impairment Effects18.1.1 Binary Digital Optical Signals18.1.2 M-ary Digital Optical Signals18.1.3 Multi-Subcarrier Digital Optical Signals18.1.4 Modulation Formats and Electronic Equalization18.2 Amplitude, Phase, and Frequency Modulation Formats in Dispersion-Compensating Span Transmission Systems18.2.1 ASK—DPSK and DPSK—DQPSK under Self-Homodyne Reception18.2.1.1 Dispersion Sensitivity of Different Modulation Formats of ASK and DPSK18.2.2 NRZ-ASK and NRZ-DPSK under Self-Homodyne Reception18.2.3 RZ-ASK and RZ-DPSK under Self-Homodyne Reception18.2.4 CSRZ-ASK and CSRZ-DPSK under Self-Homodyne Reception18.2.5 ASK and DPSK Spectra18.2.6 ASK and DPSK under Self-Homodyne Reception in Long-Haul Transmission18.3 Nonlinear Effects in ASK and DPSK under Self-Homodyne Reception in Long-Haul Transmission18.3.1 Performance of DWDM RZ-DPSK and CSRZ-DPSK18.3.2 Nonlinear Effects on CSRZ-DPSK and RZ-DPSK18.3.3 Nonlinear Effects on CSRZ-ASK and RZ-ASK18.3.4 Continuous Phase versus Discrete Phase Shift Keying under Self-Homodyne Reception18.3.5 Multi-Subcarrier versus Single/Dual Carrier Modulation under Self-Homodyne Reception18.3.6 Multilevel versus Binary or I–Q Modulation under Self-Homodyne Reception18.3.7 Single-Sideband and Partial Response Modulation under Self-Homodyne Reception18.4 100 G and Tbps Homodyne Reception Transmission Systems18.4.1 Generation of Multi-Subcarriers18.4.2 Nyquist Signal Generation Using DAC by Equalization in Frequency Domain18.4.3 Function Modules of a Nyquist-WDM System18.4.4 DSP Architecture18.4.5 Key Hardware Subsystems18.4.5.1 Recirculating Frequency Shifting18.4.5.2 Nonlinear Excitation Comb Generation and Multiplexed Laser Sources18.4.5.3 Experimental Platform for Comb Generators18.4.6 Non-DCF 1 Tbps and 2 Tbps Superchannel Transmission Performance18.4.6.1 Transmission Platform18.4.6.2 Performance18.4.6.3 Coding Gain of FEC and Transmission Simulation18.4.6.4 MIMO Filtering Process to Extend Transmission Reach18.4.7 Multicarrier Scheme Comparison18.5 Modulation Formats and All-Optical Networking18.5.1 Advanced Modulation Formats in Long-Haul Transmission Systems18.5.2 Advanced Modulation Formats in All-Optical Networks18.5.3 Hybrid 40 Gbps over 10 Gbps Optical Networks: 328 km SSMF + DCF for 320 km Tx—Impact of Adjacent 10 G/40 G Channels18.6 Ultra-Fast Optical Networks18.7 Concluding RemarksReferences
Annex 1: Technical Data of Single-Mode Optical Fibers
Annex 2: Coherent Balanced Receiver and Method for Noise Suppression
Annex 3: RMS Definition and Power Measurement
Annex 4: Power Budget
Annex 5: Modeling of Digital Photonic Transmission Systems
Index

Content preview from Advanced Digital Optical Communications, 2nd Edition

Annex 2: Coherent Balanced Receiver and Method for Noise Suppression

It has been shown that a balanced optical receiver can suppress the excess noise intensity generated from the local oscillator [1,2 and 3]. In a balanced receiver, an optical coupler is employed to mix a weak optical signal with a local oscillator field of average powers of $E_{S}^{2}$ and $E_{L}^{2}$ , respectively. Figure A2.1 shows the generic diagram of a balanced optical receiver under a coherent detection scheme in which two photodetectors and amplifiers are operating in a push–pull mode.

Usually, the magnitude of the optical field of the local oscillator E_L is much greater than E_s, the signal field. The fields at the output of a 2 × 2 coupler can thus be written as

$[\begin{matrix} {\tilde{E}}_{1} \\ {\tilde{E}}_{2} \end{matrix}] = [\begin{matrix} \sqrt{1 - k} & \sqrt{k} e \end{matrix}$

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Annex 2: Coherent Balanced Receiver and Method for Noise Suppression

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