.
A well-regulated power supply, so the dissipation at any given PWM duty cycle is known
.
A means to measure the supply voltage and compensate for variations
.
A means to measure the output (heat and/or dissipation) and adjust the duty cycle accordingly
In a real application, there is typically some feedback from whatever is being controlled
(heater temperature, motor speed, etc.), so the software can adjust the duty cycle to com-
pensate for power-supply variations without knowing the actual power-supply value. In this
case, the power-supply voltage variation becomes another variable in the system, just like a
varying load. In some applications, it may be necessary to measure the supply. A heater
without feedback, for instance, might use a 50% duty ...