December 2003
Intermediate to advanced
320 pages
9h 28m
English
Content preview from Analog Interfacing to Embedded Microprocessor Systems, 2nd Edition
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Integrals
One way to solve the problem of settling a small distance from the setpoint is to
add an integral term. Mathematically, the integral is the area under a curve. In
practical terms, the integral is the sum (or accumulation) of the error term over a
period of time. Figure 5.10 shows what the integral term looks like in graphic
mode. Notice that, in this example, the integral never goes negative even though
the error term does go negative. If the error stayed negative for a long enough
period of time, the integral would eventually become negative.
Figure 5.11 shows the effect of the integral on the constant error in the
proportional/derivative ...
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I'm always learning. So when I got on to O'Reilly, I was like a kid in a candy store. There are playlists. There are answers. There's on-demand training. It's worth its weight in gold, in terms of what it allows me to do.