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Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Name: Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Author: S. K. Bhattacharya
ISBN: 9788131754566

by S. K. Bhattacharya

August 2011

Beginner

724 pages

20h 32m

English

Pearson India

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Cover
Title Page
Contents
About the Author
Dedication
Preface
1. Basic Concepts, Laws, and Principles
1.1 - Introduction1.2 - Atomic Structure and Electric Charge1.3 - Conductors, Insulators, and Semiconductors1.4 - Electric Field and Magnetic Field1.5 - Electric Current, Resistance, Potential, and Potential Difference1.5.1 - Electric Current1.5.2 - Resistance1.5.3 - Potential and Potential Difference1.6 - Ohm's Law1.7 - The Effect of Temperature on Resistance1.8 - Work, Power, and Energy1.8.1 - Work1.8.2 - Power1.8.3 - Energy1.8.4 - Units of Work, Power, and Energy1.9 - Electromagnetism and Electromagnetic Induction1.9.1 - Introduction1.9.2 - Magnetic Field around a Current-carrying Conductor1.9.3 - Magnetic Field around a Coil1.9.4 - A Current-carrying Conductor Placed in a Magnetic Field1.9.5 - A Current-carrying Coil Placed in a Magnetic Field1.10 - Laws of Electromagnetic Induction1.11 - Induced EMF in a Coil Rotating in a Magnetic Field1.12 - EMF Induced in a Conductor1.13 - Dynamically Induced EMF and Statically Induced EMF1.14 - Self-induced EMF and Mutually induced EMF1.15 - Self-inductance of a Coil1.16 - Mutual Inductance1.17 - Inductance of Coils Connected in Series Having a Common Core1.18 - Energy Stored in a Magnetic Field1.19 - Electrical Circuit Elements1.19.1 - Resistors1.19.2 - Inductors1.19.3 - Capacitors1.20 - Energy Stored in a Capacitor1.21 - Capacitor in Parallel and in Series1.22 - Review Questions
2. DC Networks and Network Theorems
2.1 - Introduction2.2 - DC Network Terminologies, Voltage, and Current Sources2.2.1 - Network Terminologies2.2.2 - Voltage and Current Sources2.2.3 - Source Transformation2.3 - Series–Parallel Circuits2.3.1 - Series Circuits2.3.2 - Parallel Circuits2.3.3 - Series–Parallel Circuits2.4 - Voltage and Current Divider Rules2.4.1 - Voltage Divider Rule2.4.2 - Current Divider Rule2.5 - Kirchhoff's Laws2.5.1 - Kirchhoff's Current Law2.5.2 - Kirchhoff's Voltage Law2.5.3 - Solution of Simultaneous Equations Using Cramer's Rule2.5.4 - Method of Evaluating Determinant2.6 - Maxwell's Mesh Current Method2.7 - Nodal Voltage Method (Nodal Analysis)2.8 - Network Theorems2.8.1 - Superposition Theorem2.8.2 - Thevenin's Theorem2.8.3 - Norton's Theorem2.8.4 - Millman's Theorem2.8.5 - Maximum Power Transfer Theorem2.9 - Star–Delta Transformation2.9.1 - Transforming Relations for Delta to Star2.9.2 - Transforming Relations for Star to Delta2.10 - DC Transients2.10.1 - Introduction2.10.2 - Transient in R–L Circuit2.10.3 - Transient in R–C Circuit2.11 - Review Questions
3. AC Fundamentals and Single-phase Circuits
3.1 - AC Fundamentals3.1.1 - Introduction3.1.2 - Generation of Alternating Voltage in an Elementary Generator3.1.3 - Concept of Frequency, Cycle, Time Period, Instantaneous Value, Average Value, and Maximum Value3.1.4 - Sinusoidal and Non-sinusoidal Wave Forms3.1.5 - Concept of Average Value and Root Mean Square (RMS) Value of an Alternating Quantity3.1.6 - Analytical Method of Calculation of RMS Value, Average Value, and Form Factor3.1.7 - RMS and Average Values of Half-wave-rectified Alternating Quantity3.1.8 - Concept of Phase and Phase Difference3.2 - Single-phase AC Circuits3.2.1 - Behaviour of R, L, and C in AC Circuits3.2.2 - L–R Series Circuit3.2.3 - Apparent Power, Real Power, and Reactive Power3.2.4 - Power in an AC Circuit3.2.5 - R–C Series Circuit3.2.6 - R–L–C Series Circuit3.2.7 - AC Parallel Circuits3.2.8 - AC Series—Parallel Circuits3.3 - Resonance in AC Circuits3.3.1 - Resonance in AC Series Circuit3.3.2 - Resonance in AC Parallel Circuits3.4 - Review Questions
4. Three-phase System
4.1 - Introduction4.2 - Advantages of Three-phase Systems4.3 - Generation of Three-phase Voltages4.4 - Terms Used in Three-phase Systems and Circuits4.5 - Three-phase Winding Connections4.5.1 - Star Connection4.5.2 - Delta Connection4.5.3 - Relationship of Line and Phase Voltages, and Currents in a Star-connected System4.5.4 - Relationship of Line and Phase Voltages and Currents in a Delta-connected System4.6 - Active and Reactive Power4.7 - Comparison between Star Connection and Delta Connection4.8 - Measurement of Power in Three-phase Circuits4.8.1 - One-Wattmeter Method4.8.2 - Two-Wattmeter Method4.8.3 - Three-Wattmeter Method4.9 - Review Questions

5. Electromagnetism and Magnetic Circuits
5.1 - Magnets and Magnetic Fields5.1.1 - Field around a Current-carrying Conductor5.1.2 - Magnetic Flux Density5.1.3 - Magnetic Field Strength5.1.4 - Permeability5.1.5 - Relative Permeability5.2 - Magnetic Field Due to Current-carrying Conductor Laws of Electromagnetism5.2.1 - Ampere's Circuital Law5.2.2 - Biot-Savart Law5.2.3 - Application of Biot-Savart Law5.3 - Magnetization Curve of a Magnetic Material5.4 - Hysteresis Loss and Eddy Current Loss in Magnetic Materials5.4.1 - Hysteresis Loss5.4.2 - Eddy Current Loss5.5 - Magnetic Circuits5.6 - Comparison between Magnetic and Electric Circuits5.7 - Magnetic Leakage and Fringing5.8 - Series and Parallel Magnetic Circuits5.9 - Attractive Force or the Lifting Power of Electromagnets5.10 - Review Questions
6. Transformers
6.1 - Introduction6.2 - Applications of Transformers6.3 - Basic Principle and Constructional Details6.3.1 - Basic Principle6.3.2 - Constructional Details6.4 - Core-type and Shell-type Transformers6.4.1 - Power Transformers and Distribution Transformers6.5 - EMF Equation6.6 - Transformer on No-load6.7 - Transformer on Load6.8 - Transformer Circuit Parameters and Equivalent Circuit6.9 - Phasor Diagram of a Transformer6.10 - Concept of Voltage Regulation6.11 - Concept of an Ideal Transformer6.12 - Transformer Tests6.12.1 - Open-circuit Test or No-load Test6.12.2 - Short-circuit Test6.13 - Efficiency of a Transformer6.14 - Condition for Maximum Efficiency6.15 - All-day Efficiency6.16 - Calculation of Regulation of a Transformer6.17 - Factors Affecting Losses in a Transformer6.18 - Solved Numerical Problems6.19 - Review Questions
7. DC Machines
7.1 - Introduction and Principle of Working7.1.1 - Nature of Load Current When Output is Taken out through Brush and Slip-ring Arrangement7.1.2 - Nature of Load Current When Output is Taken through Brush and Commutator Arrangement7.1.3 - Function of Brush and Commutators in Motoring Action7.2 - Constructional Details7.2.1 - The Field System7.2.2 - The Armature7.2.3 - Armature Winding7.2.4 - Types of Armature Winding7.3 - EMF Equation of a DC Machine7.3.1 - Induced EMF is Equated to Flux Cut per Second7.4 - Types of DC Machines7.5 - Characteristics of DC Generators7.5.1 - No-load Characteristics7.5.2 - Load Characteristics7.6 - Applications of DC Generators7.7 - Operation of a dc Machine as a Motor7.7.1 - Working Principle of a DC Motor7.7.2 - Changing the Direction of Rotation7.7.3 - Energy Conversion Equation7.8 - Torque Equation7.9 - Starting a DC Motor7.10 - Speed Control of DC Motors7.10.1 - Voltage Control Method7.10.2 - Field Control Method7.10.3 - Armature Control Method7.11 - Starter for a DC Motor7.11.1 - Three-point Starter7.11.2 - Four-point Starter7.12 - Types and Characteristics of DC Motors7.12.1 - Characteristics of DC Shunt Motors7.12.2 - Characteristics of DC Series Motors7.12.3 - Characteristics of DC Compound Motors7.13 - Losses and Efficiency7.13.1 - Losses in a DC Machine7.13.2 - Efficiency of DC Machine7.13.3 - Condition for Maximum Efficiency7.14 - Applications of DC Machines7.14.1 - DC Generators7.14.2 - DC Motors7.14.3 - DC Series Motors7.14.4 - DC Compound Motors7.15 - Solved Numerical Problems7.16 - Review Questions
8. Three-phase Induction Motors
8.1 - Introduction8.2 - Constructional Details8.3 - Windings and Pole Formation8.4 - Production of Rotating Magnetic Field8.5 - Principle of Working8.6 - Rotor-induced EMF, Rotor Frequency, Rotor Current8.7 - Losses in Induction Motors8.8 - Power Flow Diagram8.9 - Torque Equation8.10 - Starting Torque8.11 - Condition for Maximum Torque8.12 - Torque–Slip Characteristic8.13 - Variation of Torque–Slip Characteristic with Change in Rotor–Circuit Resistance8.14 - Starting of Induction Motors8.14.1 - Direct-on-Line Starting8.14.2 - Manual Star–Delta Starter8.15 - Speed Control of Induction Motors8.16 - Determination of Efficiency8.16.1 - No-load Test8.16.2 - Blocked-rotor Test8.17 - Applications of Induction Motors8.18 - Solved Numerical Problems8.19 - Review Questions
9. Single-phase Motors
9.1 - Introduction to Single-phase Induction Motors9.2 - Constructional Details9.3 - Double Revolving Field Theory and Principle of Working of Single-phase Induction Motors9.4 - Torque–Speed Characteristic9.5 - Split–Phase Induction Motors9.6 - Shaded Pole Induction Motor9.7 - Single-phase AC Series Motors9.8 - Operation of a Series Motor on DC and AC (Universal Motors)9.9 - Single-phase Synchronous Motors9.9.1 - Reluctance Motors9.9.2 - Hysteresis Motors9.10 - Stepper Motors9.11 - Review Questions
10. Synchronous Machines
10.1 - Introduction10.2 - Constructional Details of Synchronous Machines10.3 - Advantages of Stationary Armature and Rotating Field10.4 - Use of Laminated Sheets for the Stator and the Rotor10.5 - Armature Windings10.6 - Concept of Coil Span, Mechanical, and Electrical Degrees10.7 - Types of Windings10.8 - Induced EMF in a Synchronous Machine10.8.1 - EMF Equation10.8.2 - Distribution Factor10.8.3 - Pitch Factor10.9 - Open-circuit or No-load Characteristic10.10 - Synchronous Generator on Load10.11 - Synchronous Impedance and Voltage Drop Due to Synchronous Impedance10.12 - Voltage Regulation of a Synchronous Generator10.13 - Determination of Voltage Regulation by the Synchronous Impedance Method10.14 - Synchronous Generators Connected in Parallel to Supply a Common Load10.14.1 - Advantages of Parallel Operation10.14.2 - Parallel Connection of Alternators10.14.3 - Conditions for Parallel Connection and Synchronization10.14.4 - Load Sharing10.15 - Synchronous Motor10.15.1 - Introduction10.15.2 - Principle of Working of a Synchronous Motor10.15.3 - Effect of Change of Excitation of a Synchronous Motor10.15.4 - Application of Synchronous Motors10.16 - Review Questions
11. Measurement and Measuring Instruments
11.1 - Introduction11.2 - Analog and Digital Instruments11.3 - Passive and Active Instruments11.4 - Static Characteristics of Instruments11.4.1 - Accuracy11.4.2 - Precision11.4.3 - Sensitivity and Resolution11.4.4 - Error, Threshold, and Loading Effect11.5 - Linear and Non-linear Systems11.6 - Dynamic Characteristics of Instruments11.7 - Classification of the Instrument System11.7.1 - Active and Passive Instruments11.7.2 - Analog and Digital Instruments11.7.3 - Indicating, Recording, and Integrating Instruments11.7.4 - Deflection- and Null-type Instruments11.8 - Measurement Error11.9 - Indicating-type Instruments11.9.1 - Permanent Magnet Moving Coil Instruments11.9.2 - Use of Shunts and Multipliers11.9.3 - Moving Iron Instruments11.9.4 - Dynamometer-type moving coil Instruments11.10 - Measurement of Power11.10.1 - Power in DC and AC Circuits11.10.2 - Measurement of Power in Single-phase AC Circuit11.10.3 - Sources of Error in measurement using Dynamometer-type Wattmeters11.11 - Measurement of Energy11.11.1 - Introduction11.11.2 - Constructional details and working principle of Single-phase Induction-type Energy Meter11.12 - Instrument Transformers11.12.1 - Current Transformers11.12.2 - Potential Transformers11.13 - Megger and Measurement of Insulation Resistance11.14 - Multimeter and Measurement of Resistance11.15 - Review Questions
12. Transducers
12.1 - Introduction12.2 - Classification of Transducers12.3 - Characteristics of a Transducer12.4 - Linear Variable Differential Transformer12.5 - Capacitive Transducers12.6 - Inductive Transducers12.7 - Potentiometric Transducer12.8 - Strain Gauge Transducer12.9 - Thermistors12.10 - Thermocouples12.11 - Hall Effect Transducers12.12 - Piezoelectric Transducer12.13 - Photoelectric Transducer12.14 - Selection of Transducers12.15 - Review Questions
13. Power Systems
13.1 - Introduction13.2 - Generation of Electricity13.3 - Sources of Energy for Electricity Generation13.4 - Thermal Power Generation from Fossil-fuel13.4.1 - Coal-fired Thermal Power Stations13.4.2 - Gas-fired Thermal Power Stations13.4.3 - Oil- and Diesel-oil-fired Thermal Power Stations13.5 - Hydroelectric Power-generating Stations13.6 - Nuclear Power-generating Stations13.7 - Non-conventional or Alternative Generating Stations13.7.1 - Solar Electricity Generation13.7.2 - Wind Energy to Produce Electricity13.7.3 - Electricity from Biomass13.7.4 - Mini/Micro Hydel Power Generation13.7.5 - Electricity from Tidal Energy13.7.6 - Electricity from Ocean Energy13.7.7 - Electricity from Geothermal Energy13.8 - Transmission and Distribution of Electricity13.8.1 - AC versus DC Transmission13.8.2 - Distribution System13.8.3 - Overhead versus Underground Distribution Systems13.8.4 - Connection Schemes of Distribution System13.9 - Domestic Wiring13.9.1 - Service Connection13.9.2 - Service Mains13.9.3 - Distribution Board for Single-phase Installation13.9.4 - Neutral and Earth Wire13.9.5 - Earthing13.9.6 - System of Wiring13.9.7 - System of Connection of Lights, Fans and Other Electrical Loads13.10 - Circuit Protective Devices and Safety Precautions13.10.1 - Safety Precautions in Using Electricity13.11 - Efficient Use of Electricity13.12 - Review Questions
14. Semiconductor Devices
14.1 - Introduction14.2 - Review of Atomic Theory14.3 - Binding Forces between Atoms in Semiconductor Materials14.4 - Extrinsic Semiconductors14.4.1 - N-Type Semiconductor Material14.4.2 - P-Type Semiconductor Material14.4.3 - The p–n Junction14.4.4 - Biasing of p–n Junction14.5 - Semiconductor Diodes14.5.1 - Volt-ampere Characteristic of a Diode14.5.2 - An Ideal Diode14.5.3 - Diode Parameters and Diode Ratings14.6 - Zener Diode14.6.1 - Zener Diode as Voltage Regulator14.6.2 - Zener Diode as a Reference Voltage14.7 - Bipolar Junction Transistors14.7.1 - Working of a n–p–n Transistor14.7.2 - Working of a p–n–p Transistor14.7.3 - Transistor Configurations14.7.4 - Transistor as an Amplifier14.7.5 - Transistor as a Switch14.8 - Field Effect Transistors14.8.1 - Junction Field Effect Transistors14.8.2 - FET Applications14.9 - MOSFET14.9.1 - The Enhancement MOSFET (EMOSFET)14.9.2 - The Depletion MOSFET14.9.3 - Static Characteristics of MOSFET14.9.4 - Applications of MOSFET14.10 - Silicon-controlled Rectifier14.10.1 - Characteristics of SCR14.10.2 - Two-transistor Analogy of an SCR14.10.3 - Applications of SCR14.11 - DIAC14.12 - TRIAC14.13 - Optoelectronic Devices14.13.1 - Light-dependent Resistor14.13.2 - Light-emitting Diodes14.13.3 - Seven Segment Displays14.13.4 - Liquid Crystal Displays14.13.5 - Photodiodes14.13.6 - Photovoltaic Cells or Solar Cells14.13.7 - Phototransistors14.13.8 - Photo-darlington14.13.9 - Optocouplers14.14 - Review Questions
15. Rectifiers and Other Diode Circuits
15.1 - Rectifiers15.1.1 - Introduction15.1.2 - Half-wave Rectifier15.1.3 - Analysis of Half-wave Rectifier15.1.4 - Full-wave Rectifier15.1.5 - Full-wave Bridge Rectifier15.1.6 - Analysis of Full-wave Rectifiers15.1.7 - Comparison of Half-wave and Full-wave Rectifiers15.2 - Filters15.3 - Applications of Diodes in Clipping and Clamping Circuits15.3.1 - Negative and Positive Series Clippers15.3.2 - Shunt Clippers15.3.3 - Biased Clippers15.3.4 - Clamping Circuits15.4 - Review Questions
16. Digital Electronics
16.1 - Introduction16.2 - Number Systems16.2.1 - Decimal Number System16.2.2 - Binary Number System16.2.3 - Conversion of Binary to Decimal16.2.4 - Conversion of Decimal to Binary16.2.5 - Binary Addition16.2.6 - Binary Subtraction16.2.7 - Binary Multiplication16.3 - Octal Number System16.4 - Hexadecimal Number System16.4.1 - Application of Binary Numbers in Computers16.5 - Logic Gates16.5.1 - NOT Gate16.5.2 - OR Gate16.5.3 - AND Gate16.5.4 - NAND Gate16.5.5 - NOR Gate16.6 - Boolean Algebra16.6.1 - Boolean Expressions16.7 - De Morgan's Theorem16.8 - Combinational Circuits16.9 - Simplification of Boolean Expressions Using De Morgan's Theorem16.10 - Universal Gates16.10.1 - Use of NAND Gate to Form the Three Basic Gates16.10.2 - Use of NOR Gate to Form the Three Basic Gates16.11 - Flip-flops16.11.1 - RS Flip-flop16.11.2 - Gated or Clocked RS Flip-flop16.11.3 - JK Flip-flop16.11.4 - D Flip-flops16.11.5 - T Flip-flops (Toggle Flip-flop)16.11.6 - Master–Slave JK Flip-flop16.11.7 - Counters and Shift Registers16.11.8 - Arithmetic Circuits16.11.9 - Memory Function or Data Storage16.11.10 - Digital Systems16.12 - Review Questions
17. Integrated Circuits
17.1 - Introduction17.2 - Fabrication of Monolithic ICs17.3 - Hybrid Integrated Circuits17.4 - Linear and Digital ICs17.5 - Operational Amplifiers17.6 - Op-amp Applications17.6.1 - Op-amp as a Summing Amplifier17.6.2 - Op-amp as a Differential Amplifier (Subtractor)17.6.3 - Op-amp as a Derivative Amplifier17.6.4 - Op-amp as an Integrator17.6.5 - Other Applications of Op-amps17.7 - The 555 Timer Integrated Circuit17.7.1 - Three Operating Modes of IC 55517.7.2 - Pin Configuration of IC 55517.7.3 - Functional Block Diagram of IC 55517.7.4 - Monostable Application of IC 55517.7.5 - Astable Application of IC 55517.7.6 - An IC 555 Timer Astable Oscillator Circuit17.8 - IC Voltage Regulators or Regulator ICs17.9 - Digital Integrated Circuits17.10 - Review Questions
Copyright

Content preview from Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering

7 DC Machines

TOPICS DISCUSSED

Working of a dc machine as a generator and as a motor
Basic principle of dc machines
Constructional details
Need of brush and commutator
Types of windings
EMF equation
Types of dc machines and their characteristics
Starting of a dc motor
Speed control
Losses and efficiency

7.1 Introduction and Principle of Working

DC machines work either as a dc generator or as a dc motor. In a dc generator, a set of conductors or coils placed on a rotating body, called armature, are rotated continuously inside a magnetic field with the help of a prime mover (prime mover is another machine, may be a diesel engine or a turbine, which rotates the armature). The magnetic field is created by passing dc current through the windings ...

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Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering

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