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Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Name: Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Author: S. K. Bhattacharya
ISBN: 9788131754566

by S. K. Bhattacharya

August 2011

Beginner

724 pages

20h 32m

English

Pearson India

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Cover
Title Page
Contents
About the Author
Dedication
Preface
1. Basic Concepts, Laws, and Principles
1.1 - Introduction1.2 - Atomic Structure and Electric Charge1.3 - Conductors, Insulators, and Semiconductors1.4 - Electric Field and Magnetic Field1.5 - Electric Current, Resistance, Potential, and Potential Difference1.5.1 - Electric Current1.5.2 - Resistance1.5.3 - Potential and Potential Difference1.6 - Ohm's Law1.7 - The Effect of Temperature on Resistance1.8 - Work, Power, and Energy1.8.1 - Work1.8.2 - Power1.8.3 - Energy1.8.4 - Units of Work, Power, and Energy1.9 - Electromagnetism and Electromagnetic Induction1.9.1 - Introduction1.9.2 - Magnetic Field around a Current-carrying Conductor1.9.3 - Magnetic Field around a Coil1.9.4 - A Current-carrying Conductor Placed in a Magnetic Field1.9.5 - A Current-carrying Coil Placed in a Magnetic Field1.10 - Laws of Electromagnetic Induction1.11 - Induced EMF in a Coil Rotating in a Magnetic Field1.12 - EMF Induced in a Conductor1.13 - Dynamically Induced EMF and Statically Induced EMF1.14 - Self-induced EMF and Mutually induced EMF1.15 - Self-inductance of a Coil1.16 - Mutual Inductance1.17 - Inductance of Coils Connected in Series Having a Common Core1.18 - Energy Stored in a Magnetic Field1.19 - Electrical Circuit Elements1.19.1 - Resistors1.19.2 - Inductors1.19.3 - Capacitors1.20 - Energy Stored in a Capacitor1.21 - Capacitor in Parallel and in Series1.22 - Review Questions
2. DC Networks and Network Theorems
2.1 - Introduction2.2 - DC Network Terminologies, Voltage, and Current Sources2.2.1 - Network Terminologies2.2.2 - Voltage and Current Sources2.2.3 - Source Transformation2.3 - Series–Parallel Circuits2.3.1 - Series Circuits2.3.2 - Parallel Circuits2.3.3 - Series–Parallel Circuits2.4 - Voltage and Current Divider Rules2.4.1 - Voltage Divider Rule2.4.2 - Current Divider Rule2.5 - Kirchhoff's Laws2.5.1 - Kirchhoff's Current Law2.5.2 - Kirchhoff's Voltage Law2.5.3 - Solution of Simultaneous Equations Using Cramer's Rule2.5.4 - Method of Evaluating Determinant2.6 - Maxwell's Mesh Current Method2.7 - Nodal Voltage Method (Nodal Analysis)2.8 - Network Theorems2.8.1 - Superposition Theorem2.8.2 - Thevenin's Theorem2.8.3 - Norton's Theorem2.8.4 - Millman's Theorem2.8.5 - Maximum Power Transfer Theorem2.9 - Star–Delta Transformation2.9.1 - Transforming Relations for Delta to Star2.9.2 - Transforming Relations for Star to Delta2.10 - DC Transients2.10.1 - Introduction2.10.2 - Transient in R–L Circuit2.10.3 - Transient in R–C Circuit2.11 - Review Questions
3. AC Fundamentals and Single-phase Circuits
3.1 - AC Fundamentals3.1.1 - Introduction3.1.2 - Generation of Alternating Voltage in an Elementary Generator3.1.3 - Concept of Frequency, Cycle, Time Period, Instantaneous Value, Average Value, and Maximum Value3.1.4 - Sinusoidal and Non-sinusoidal Wave Forms3.1.5 - Concept of Average Value and Root Mean Square (RMS) Value of an Alternating Quantity3.1.6 - Analytical Method of Calculation of RMS Value, Average Value, and Form Factor3.1.7 - RMS and Average Values of Half-wave-rectified Alternating Quantity3.1.8 - Concept of Phase and Phase Difference3.2 - Single-phase AC Circuits3.2.1 - Behaviour of R, L, and C in AC Circuits3.2.2 - L–R Series Circuit3.2.3 - Apparent Power, Real Power, and Reactive Power3.2.4 - Power in an AC Circuit3.2.5 - R–C Series Circuit3.2.6 - R–L–C Series Circuit3.2.7 - AC Parallel Circuits3.2.8 - AC Series—Parallel Circuits3.3 - Resonance in AC Circuits3.3.1 - Resonance in AC Series Circuit3.3.2 - Resonance in AC Parallel Circuits3.4 - Review Questions
4. Three-phase System
4.1 - Introduction4.2 - Advantages of Three-phase Systems4.3 - Generation of Three-phase Voltages4.4 - Terms Used in Three-phase Systems and Circuits4.5 - Three-phase Winding Connections4.5.1 - Star Connection4.5.2 - Delta Connection4.5.3 - Relationship of Line and Phase Voltages, and Currents in a Star-connected System4.5.4 - Relationship of Line and Phase Voltages and Currents in a Delta-connected System4.6 - Active and Reactive Power4.7 - Comparison between Star Connection and Delta Connection4.8 - Measurement of Power in Three-phase Circuits4.8.1 - One-Wattmeter Method4.8.2 - Two-Wattmeter Method4.8.3 - Three-Wattmeter Method4.9 - Review Questions

5. Electromagnetism and Magnetic Circuits
5.1 - Magnets and Magnetic Fields5.1.1 - Field around a Current-carrying Conductor5.1.2 - Magnetic Flux Density5.1.3 - Magnetic Field Strength5.1.4 - Permeability5.1.5 - Relative Permeability5.2 - Magnetic Field Due to Current-carrying Conductor Laws of Electromagnetism5.2.1 - Ampere's Circuital Law5.2.2 - Biot-Savart Law5.2.3 - Application of Biot-Savart Law5.3 - Magnetization Curve of a Magnetic Material5.4 - Hysteresis Loss and Eddy Current Loss in Magnetic Materials5.4.1 - Hysteresis Loss5.4.2 - Eddy Current Loss5.5 - Magnetic Circuits5.6 - Comparison between Magnetic and Electric Circuits5.7 - Magnetic Leakage and Fringing5.8 - Series and Parallel Magnetic Circuits5.9 - Attractive Force or the Lifting Power of Electromagnets5.10 - Review Questions
6. Transformers
6.1 - Introduction6.2 - Applications of Transformers6.3 - Basic Principle and Constructional Details6.3.1 - Basic Principle6.3.2 - Constructional Details6.4 - Core-type and Shell-type Transformers6.4.1 - Power Transformers and Distribution Transformers6.5 - EMF Equation6.6 - Transformer on No-load6.7 - Transformer on Load6.8 - Transformer Circuit Parameters and Equivalent Circuit6.9 - Phasor Diagram of a Transformer6.10 - Concept of Voltage Regulation6.11 - Concept of an Ideal Transformer6.12 - Transformer Tests6.12.1 - Open-circuit Test or No-load Test6.12.2 - Short-circuit Test6.13 - Efficiency of a Transformer6.14 - Condition for Maximum Efficiency6.15 - All-day Efficiency6.16 - Calculation of Regulation of a Transformer6.17 - Factors Affecting Losses in a Transformer6.18 - Solved Numerical Problems6.19 - Review Questions
7. DC Machines
7.1 - Introduction and Principle of Working7.1.1 - Nature of Load Current When Output is Taken out through Brush and Slip-ring Arrangement7.1.2 - Nature of Load Current When Output is Taken through Brush and Commutator Arrangement7.1.3 - Function of Brush and Commutators in Motoring Action7.2 - Constructional Details7.2.1 - The Field System7.2.2 - The Armature7.2.3 - Armature Winding7.2.4 - Types of Armature Winding7.3 - EMF Equation of a DC Machine7.3.1 - Induced EMF is Equated to Flux Cut per Second7.4 - Types of DC Machines7.5 - Characteristics of DC Generators7.5.1 - No-load Characteristics7.5.2 - Load Characteristics7.6 - Applications of DC Generators7.7 - Operation of a dc Machine as a Motor7.7.1 - Working Principle of a DC Motor7.7.2 - Changing the Direction of Rotation7.7.3 - Energy Conversion Equation7.8 - Torque Equation7.9 - Starting a DC Motor7.10 - Speed Control of DC Motors7.10.1 - Voltage Control Method7.10.2 - Field Control Method7.10.3 - Armature Control Method7.11 - Starter for a DC Motor7.11.1 - Three-point Starter7.11.2 - Four-point Starter7.12 - Types and Characteristics of DC Motors7.12.1 - Characteristics of DC Shunt Motors7.12.2 - Characteristics of DC Series Motors7.12.3 - Characteristics of DC Compound Motors7.13 - Losses and Efficiency7.13.1 - Losses in a DC Machine7.13.2 - Efficiency of DC Machine7.13.3 - Condition for Maximum Efficiency7.14 - Applications of DC Machines7.14.1 - DC Generators7.14.2 - DC Motors7.14.3 - DC Series Motors7.14.4 - DC Compound Motors7.15 - Solved Numerical Problems7.16 - Review Questions
8. Three-phase Induction Motors
8.1 - Introduction8.2 - Constructional Details8.3 - Windings and Pole Formation8.4 - Production of Rotating Magnetic Field8.5 - Principle of Working8.6 - Rotor-induced EMF, Rotor Frequency, Rotor Current8.7 - Losses in Induction Motors8.8 - Power Flow Diagram8.9 - Torque Equation8.10 - Starting Torque8.11 - Condition for Maximum Torque8.12 - Torque–Slip Characteristic8.13 - Variation of Torque–Slip Characteristic with Change in Rotor–Circuit Resistance8.14 - Starting of Induction Motors8.14.1 - Direct-on-Line Starting8.14.2 - Manual Star–Delta Starter8.15 - Speed Control of Induction Motors8.16 - Determination of Efficiency8.16.1 - No-load Test8.16.2 - Blocked-rotor Test8.17 - Applications of Induction Motors8.18 - Solved Numerical Problems8.19 - Review Questions
9. Single-phase Motors
9.1 - Introduction to Single-phase Induction Motors9.2 - Constructional Details9.3 - Double Revolving Field Theory and Principle of Working of Single-phase Induction Motors9.4 - Torque–Speed Characteristic9.5 - Split–Phase Induction Motors9.6 - Shaded Pole Induction Motor9.7 - Single-phase AC Series Motors9.8 - Operation of a Series Motor on DC and AC (Universal Motors)9.9 - Single-phase Synchronous Motors9.9.1 - Reluctance Motors9.9.2 - Hysteresis Motors9.10 - Stepper Motors9.11 - Review Questions
10. Synchronous Machines
10.1 - Introduction10.2 - Constructional Details of Synchronous Machines10.3 - Advantages of Stationary Armature and Rotating Field10.4 - Use of Laminated Sheets for the Stator and the Rotor10.5 - Armature Windings10.6 - Concept of Coil Span, Mechanical, and Electrical Degrees10.7 - Types of Windings10.8 - Induced EMF in a Synchronous Machine10.8.1 - EMF Equation10.8.2 - Distribution Factor10.8.3 - Pitch Factor10.9 - Open-circuit or No-load Characteristic10.10 - Synchronous Generator on Load10.11 - Synchronous Impedance and Voltage Drop Due to Synchronous Impedance10.12 - Voltage Regulation of a Synchronous Generator10.13 - Determination of Voltage Regulation by the Synchronous Impedance Method10.14 - Synchronous Generators Connected in Parallel to Supply a Common Load10.14.1 - Advantages of Parallel Operation10.14.2 - Parallel Connection of Alternators10.14.3 - Conditions for Parallel Connection and Synchronization10.14.4 - Load Sharing10.15 - Synchronous Motor10.15.1 - Introduction10.15.2 - Principle of Working of a Synchronous Motor10.15.3 - Effect of Change of Excitation of a Synchronous Motor10.15.4 - Application of Synchronous Motors10.16 - Review Questions
11. Measurement and Measuring Instruments
11.1 - Introduction11.2 - Analog and Digital Instruments11.3 - Passive and Active Instruments11.4 - Static Characteristics of Instruments11.4.1 - Accuracy11.4.2 - Precision11.4.3 - Sensitivity and Resolution11.4.4 - Error, Threshold, and Loading Effect11.5 - Linear and Non-linear Systems11.6 - Dynamic Characteristics of Instruments11.7 - Classification of the Instrument System11.7.1 - Active and Passive Instruments11.7.2 - Analog and Digital Instruments11.7.3 - Indicating, Recording, and Integrating Instruments11.7.4 - Deflection- and Null-type Instruments11.8 - Measurement Error11.9 - Indicating-type Instruments11.9.1 - Permanent Magnet Moving Coil Instruments11.9.2 - Use of Shunts and Multipliers11.9.3 - Moving Iron Instruments11.9.4 - Dynamometer-type moving coil Instruments11.10 - Measurement of Power11.10.1 - Power in DC and AC Circuits11.10.2 - Measurement of Power in Single-phase AC Circuit11.10.3 - Sources of Error in measurement using Dynamometer-type Wattmeters11.11 - Measurement of Energy11.11.1 - Introduction11.11.2 - Constructional details and working principle of Single-phase Induction-type Energy Meter11.12 - Instrument Transformers11.12.1 - Current Transformers11.12.2 - Potential Transformers11.13 - Megger and Measurement of Insulation Resistance11.14 - Multimeter and Measurement of Resistance11.15 - Review Questions
12. Transducers
12.1 - Introduction12.2 - Classification of Transducers12.3 - Characteristics of a Transducer12.4 - Linear Variable Differential Transformer12.5 - Capacitive Transducers12.6 - Inductive Transducers12.7 - Potentiometric Transducer12.8 - Strain Gauge Transducer12.9 - Thermistors12.10 - Thermocouples12.11 - Hall Effect Transducers12.12 - Piezoelectric Transducer12.13 - Photoelectric Transducer12.14 - Selection of Transducers12.15 - Review Questions
13. Power Systems
13.1 - Introduction13.2 - Generation of Electricity13.3 - Sources of Energy for Electricity Generation13.4 - Thermal Power Generation from Fossil-fuel13.4.1 - Coal-fired Thermal Power Stations13.4.2 - Gas-fired Thermal Power Stations13.4.3 - Oil- and Diesel-oil-fired Thermal Power Stations13.5 - Hydroelectric Power-generating Stations13.6 - Nuclear Power-generating Stations13.7 - Non-conventional or Alternative Generating Stations13.7.1 - Solar Electricity Generation13.7.2 - Wind Energy to Produce Electricity13.7.3 - Electricity from Biomass13.7.4 - Mini/Micro Hydel Power Generation13.7.5 - Electricity from Tidal Energy13.7.6 - Electricity from Ocean Energy13.7.7 - Electricity from Geothermal Energy13.8 - Transmission and Distribution of Electricity13.8.1 - AC versus DC Transmission13.8.2 - Distribution System13.8.3 - Overhead versus Underground Distribution Systems13.8.4 - Connection Schemes of Distribution System13.9 - Domestic Wiring13.9.1 - Service Connection13.9.2 - Service Mains13.9.3 - Distribution Board for Single-phase Installation13.9.4 - Neutral and Earth Wire13.9.5 - Earthing13.9.6 - System of Wiring13.9.7 - System of Connection of Lights, Fans and Other Electrical Loads13.10 - Circuit Protective Devices and Safety Precautions13.10.1 - Safety Precautions in Using Electricity13.11 - Efficient Use of Electricity13.12 - Review Questions
14. Semiconductor Devices
14.1 - Introduction14.2 - Review of Atomic Theory14.3 - Binding Forces between Atoms in Semiconductor Materials14.4 - Extrinsic Semiconductors14.4.1 - N-Type Semiconductor Material14.4.2 - P-Type Semiconductor Material14.4.3 - The p–n Junction14.4.4 - Biasing of p–n Junction14.5 - Semiconductor Diodes14.5.1 - Volt-ampere Characteristic of a Diode14.5.2 - An Ideal Diode14.5.3 - Diode Parameters and Diode Ratings14.6 - Zener Diode14.6.1 - Zener Diode as Voltage Regulator14.6.2 - Zener Diode as a Reference Voltage14.7 - Bipolar Junction Transistors14.7.1 - Working of a n–p–n Transistor14.7.2 - Working of a p–n–p Transistor14.7.3 - Transistor Configurations14.7.4 - Transistor as an Amplifier14.7.5 - Transistor as a Switch14.8 - Field Effect Transistors14.8.1 - Junction Field Effect Transistors14.8.2 - FET Applications14.9 - MOSFET14.9.1 - The Enhancement MOSFET (EMOSFET)14.9.2 - The Depletion MOSFET14.9.3 - Static Characteristics of MOSFET14.9.4 - Applications of MOSFET14.10 - Silicon-controlled Rectifier14.10.1 - Characteristics of SCR14.10.2 - Two-transistor Analogy of an SCR14.10.3 - Applications of SCR14.11 - DIAC14.12 - TRIAC14.13 - Optoelectronic Devices14.13.1 - Light-dependent Resistor14.13.2 - Light-emitting Diodes14.13.3 - Seven Segment Displays14.13.4 - Liquid Crystal Displays14.13.5 - Photodiodes14.13.6 - Photovoltaic Cells or Solar Cells14.13.7 - Phototransistors14.13.8 - Photo-darlington14.13.9 - Optocouplers14.14 - Review Questions
15. Rectifiers and Other Diode Circuits
15.1 - Rectifiers15.1.1 - Introduction15.1.2 - Half-wave Rectifier15.1.3 - Analysis of Half-wave Rectifier15.1.4 - Full-wave Rectifier15.1.5 - Full-wave Bridge Rectifier15.1.6 - Analysis of Full-wave Rectifiers15.1.7 - Comparison of Half-wave and Full-wave Rectifiers15.2 - Filters15.3 - Applications of Diodes in Clipping and Clamping Circuits15.3.1 - Negative and Positive Series Clippers15.3.2 - Shunt Clippers15.3.3 - Biased Clippers15.3.4 - Clamping Circuits15.4 - Review Questions
16. Digital Electronics
16.1 - Introduction16.2 - Number Systems16.2.1 - Decimal Number System16.2.2 - Binary Number System16.2.3 - Conversion of Binary to Decimal16.2.4 - Conversion of Decimal to Binary16.2.5 - Binary Addition16.2.6 - Binary Subtraction16.2.7 - Binary Multiplication16.3 - Octal Number System16.4 - Hexadecimal Number System16.4.1 - Application of Binary Numbers in Computers16.5 - Logic Gates16.5.1 - NOT Gate16.5.2 - OR Gate16.5.3 - AND Gate16.5.4 - NAND Gate16.5.5 - NOR Gate16.6 - Boolean Algebra16.6.1 - Boolean Expressions16.7 - De Morgan's Theorem16.8 - Combinational Circuits16.9 - Simplification of Boolean Expressions Using De Morgan's Theorem16.10 - Universal Gates16.10.1 - Use of NAND Gate to Form the Three Basic Gates16.10.2 - Use of NOR Gate to Form the Three Basic Gates16.11 - Flip-flops16.11.1 - RS Flip-flop16.11.2 - Gated or Clocked RS Flip-flop16.11.3 - JK Flip-flop16.11.4 - D Flip-flops16.11.5 - T Flip-flops (Toggle Flip-flop)16.11.6 - Master–Slave JK Flip-flop16.11.7 - Counters and Shift Registers16.11.8 - Arithmetic Circuits16.11.9 - Memory Function or Data Storage16.11.10 - Digital Systems16.12 - Review Questions
17. Integrated Circuits
17.1 - Introduction17.2 - Fabrication of Monolithic ICs17.3 - Hybrid Integrated Circuits17.4 - Linear and Digital ICs17.5 - Operational Amplifiers17.6 - Op-amp Applications17.6.1 - Op-amp as a Summing Amplifier17.6.2 - Op-amp as a Differential Amplifier (Subtractor)17.6.3 - Op-amp as a Derivative Amplifier17.6.4 - Op-amp as an Integrator17.6.5 - Other Applications of Op-amps17.7 - The 555 Timer Integrated Circuit17.7.1 - Three Operating Modes of IC 55517.7.2 - Pin Configuration of IC 55517.7.3 - Functional Block Diagram of IC 55517.7.4 - Monostable Application of IC 55517.7.5 - Astable Application of IC 55517.7.6 - An IC 555 Timer Astable Oscillator Circuit17.8 - IC Voltage Regulators or Regulator ICs17.9 - Digital Integrated Circuits17.10 - Review Questions
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Content preview from Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering

11 Measurement and Measuring Instruments

TOPICS DISCUSSED

Concept of measurement and measuring systems
Analog and digital instruments
Static and dynamic characteristics of instruments
Classification of instruments
Measurement error
Permanent magnet moving-coil, moving-iron, and dynamometer-type instruments
Extension of instrument range
Measurement of power
Measurement of energy
Instrument transformers
Megger and multimeter

11.1 Introduction

Measurement of any quantity, like length, mass, time, speed, velocity, pressure, temperature, current, voltage, power, etc., is nothing but comparison of the quantity against some standards. As for example, when we measure the length of a piece of cloth with a meter scale, we only compare a particular ...

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Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering

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