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Cabling: The Complete Guide to Copper and Fiber-Optic Networking, Fourth Edition

by Andrew Oliviero, Bill Woodward

July 2009

Intermediate to advanced

1144 pages

33h 29m

English

Sybex

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About This BookWho Is This Book For?How to Use This BookEnjoy!
1.1. The Golden Rules of Data Cabling1.2. The Importance of Reliable Cabling1.2.1. The Cost of Poor Cabling1.2.2. Is the Cabling to Blame?1.3. You've Come a Long Way, Baby: The Legacy of Proprietary Cabling Systems1.3.1. Proprietary Cabling Is a Thing of the Past1.3.2. The Need for a Comprehensive Standard1.4. Cabling and the Need for Speed1.4.1. Types of Communications Media1.4.1.1. Twisted-Pair Cable1.4.1.1.1. Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP)1.4.1.1.2. Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP)1.4.1.1.3. Screened Twisted-Pair (ScTP)1.4.1.1.4. Screened Shielded Twisted-Pair (S/STP or S/FTP)1.4.1.2. Fiber-Optic Cable1.4.1.2.1. Single-Mode Fiber-Optic Cable1.4.1.2.2. Multimode Fiber-Optic Cable1.4.1.3. Coaxial Cable1.5. Cable Design1.5.1. Plenum1.5.2. Riser1.5.3. General Purpose1.5.4. Limited Use1.5.5. Cable Jackets1.5.5.1. Cable Markings1.5.5.2. Common Abbreviations1.5.6. Wire Insulation1.5.6.1. Materials Used for Wire Insulation1.5.6.2. Insulation Colors1.5.7. Twists1.5.8. Wire Gauge1.5.9. Solid Conductors vs. Stranded Conductors1.5.10. Cable Length1.5.11. Cable Length vs. Conductor Length1.6. Data Communications 1011.6.1. Bandwidth, Frequency, and Data Rate1.6.1.1. Standards Provide a Structured Approach1.6.1.2. The Secret Ingredient: Encoding and Multipair Simultaneous Send and Receive1.6.2. What a Difference a dB Makes!1.6.2.1. Digging a Little Deeper into Decibels1.6.2.1.1. Decibels 1011.6.2.1.2. Decibels and Power1.6.2.1.3. Decibels and Voltage1.6.2.2. Applying Knowledge of Decibels1.7. Speed Bumps: What Slows Down Your Data1.7.1. Hindrances to High-Speed Data Transfer1.7.2. Attenuation (Loss of Signal)1.7.3. Noise (Signal Interference)1.8. Types of Crosstalk1.8.1. Near-End Crosstalk (NEXT)1.8.2. Far-End Crosstalk (FEXT)1.8.3. Equal-Level Far-End Crosstalk (ELFEXT)1.8.4. Pair-to-Pair Crosstalk1.8.5. Power-Sum Crosstalk1.8.6. Alien Crosstalk (AXT)1.9. External Interference1.10. Attenuation-to-Crosstalk Ratio (ACR)1.11. Propagation Delay1.12. Delay Skew1.13. The Future of Cabling Performance1.14. The Bottom Line
2.1. Structured Cabling and Standardization2.2. Standards and Specification Organizations2.2.1. American National Standards Institute (ANSI)2.2.2. Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA)2.2.3. Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)2.2.4. Insulated Cable Engineers Association (ICEA)2.2.5. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)2.2.6. National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA)2.2.7. Federal Communications Commission (FCC)2.2.8. Underwriters Laboratories (UL)2.2.9. International Organization for Standardization (ISO)2.2.10. International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)2.2.11. Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE)2.2.12. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)2.2.13. International Telecommunications Union (ITU)2.2.14. CSA International (CSA)2.2.15. IP/MPLS Forum (ATM Forum)2.2.16. European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)2.2.17. Building Industry Consulting Services International (BICSI)2.2.18. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)2.3. ANSI/TIA-568-C Cabling Standard2.3.1. ANSI/TIA-568-C Purpose and Scope2.3.2. Subsystems of a Structured Cabling System2.3.2.1. Horizontal Cabling2.3.2.1.1. Recognized Media2.3.2.1.2. Telecommunications Outlets2.3.2.1.3. Pair Numbers and Color Coding2.3.2.2. Backbone Cabling2.3.2.2.1. Basic Requirements for Backbone Cabling2.3.2.2.2. Recognized Backbone Media2.3.2.3. Work Area2.3.2.4. Telecommunications Rooms and Telecommunications Enclosures2.3.2.5. Entrance Facility2.3.2.6. Equipment Room2.3.3. Media and Connecting Hardware Performance2.3.3.1. 100 Ohm Unshielded Twisted-Pair Cabling2.3.3.1.1. Connecting Hardware: Performance Loss2.3.3.1.2. Patch Cables and Cross-Connect Jumpers2.3.3.2. Fiber-Optic Cabling2.3.3.2.1. Multimode Optical-Fiber Cable2.3.3.2.2. Single-Mode Optical-Fiber Cable2.3.3.2.3. Optical Fiber and Telecommunications Rooms2.3.4. TIA-569-B2.3.4.1. Entrance Facility2.3.4.2. Main Terminal Space2.3.4.3. Equipment Room2.3.4.4. Telecommunications Rooms2.3.4.5. Horizontal Pathways2.3.4.6. Backbone Pathways2.3.4.7. Work Areas2.3.5. ANSI/TIA-607-B2.3.6. ANSI/TIA-570-B2.3.7. ANSI/TIA-9422.3.8. Other TIA/EIA Standards and Bulletins2.4. ISO/IEC 118012.4.1. Differences Between ANSI/TIA-568-C and ISO/IEC 118012.4.2. Classification of Applications and Links2.5. The Bottom Line
3.1. Topologies3.1.1. Hierarchical Star Topology3.1.2. Bus Topology3.1.3. Ring Topology3.2. UTP, Optical Fiber, and Future-Proofing3.3. Network Applications3.3.1. Ethernet3.3.1.1. 10Mbps Ethernet Systems3.3.1.1.1. 10Base-T Ethernet3.3.1.1.2. 10Base-F Ethernet3.3.1.1.3. Getting the Fiber-Optic Cable Right3.3.1.1.4. 10Base-2 Ethernet3.3.1.2. 100Mbps Ethernet Systems3.3.1.2.1. 100Base-TX Ethernet3.3.1.2.2. 100Base-T4 Ethernet3.3.1.2.3. 100Base-FX Ethernet3.3.1.3. Gigabit Ethernet (1000Mbps)3.3.1.3.1. Gigabit Ethernet and Fiber-Optic Cables3.3.1.3.2. 1000Base-T Ethernet3.3.1.4. 10 Gigabit Ethernet (10,000Mbps)3.3.1.4.1. 10GBASE-SR (Short Range)3.3.1.4.2. 10GBASE-LR (Long Range)3.3.1.4.3. 10GBASE-LX43.3.1.4.4. 10GBASE-LRM3.3.1.4.5. 10GBASE-T3.3.1.5. What's Next?3.3.2. Token Ring3.3.2.1. Token Ring and Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)3.3.2.2. Token Ring and Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)3.3.3. Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI)3.3.3.1. Cabling and FDDI3.3.4. Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)3.3.4.1. Cabling and ATM3.4. The Bottom Line
4.1. Where Do Codes Come From?4.1.1. The Federal Communications Commission4.1.2. The National Fire Protection Association4.1.3. Underwriters Laboratories4.1.4. Codes and the Law4.2. The National Electrical Code4.2.1. NEC Chapter 1 General Requirements4.2.1.1. Article 100—Definitions4.2.1.2. Article 110.3 (B)—Installation and Use4.2.1.3. Article 110.26—Spaces about Electrical Equipment4.2.2. NEC Chapter 2 Wiring and Protection4.2.2.1. Article 225.14 (D)—Conductors on Poles4.2.2.2. Article 250—Grounding4.2.2.3. Article 250.4 (A)(4)—Bonding of Electrically Conductive Materials and Other Equipment4.2.2.4. Article 250.32—Two or More Buildings or Structures Supplied by a Feeder or Branch Circuit4.2.2.5. Article 250.50—Grounding-Electrode System4.2.2.6. Article 250.52—Grounding Electrodes4.2.2.7. Article 250.60—Use of Air Terminals4.2.2.8. Article 250.70—Methods of Grounding Conductor Connection to Electrodes4.2.2.9. Article 250.94—Bonding to Other Services4.2.2.10. Article 250.104—Bonding of Piping Systems and Exposed Structural Steel4.2.2.11. Article 250.119—Identification of Equipment-Grounding Conductors4.2.3. NEC Chapter 3 Wiring Methods and Materials4.2.3.1. Article 300.11—Securing and Supporting4.2.3.2. Article 300.21—Spread of Fire or Products of Combustion4.2.3.3. Article 300.22—Wiring in Ducts, Plenums, and Other Air-Handling Spaces4.2.4. NEC Chapter 5 Special Occupancy4.2.5. NEC Chapter 7 Special Conditions4.2.5.1. Article 725.1—Scope4.2.5.2. Article 760—Fire-Alarm Systems4.2.5.3. Article 770—Optical Fiber Cables and Raceways4.2.5.4. Article 770.12—Raceways for Optical Fiber Cables4.2.5.5. Article 770.24—Mechanical Execution of Work4.2.5.6. Article 770.154 (E)—Cable Substitutions4.2.5.7. Article 770.179—Listings, Marking, and Installation of Optical Fiber Cables4.2.5.8. Article 770.179—Listing Requirements for Optical Fiber Cables and Raceways4.2.5.9. Article 770.182—Optical Fiber Raceways4.2.6. NEC Chapter 8 Communications Systems4.2.6.1. Article 800.1—Scope4.2.6.2. Article 800.3 (A)—Hazardous Locations4.2.6.3. Article 800.24—Mechanical Execution of Work4.2.6.4. Article 800.44—Overhead Wires and Cables4.2.6.5. Article 800.47—Underground Circuits Entering Buildings4.2.6.6. Article 800.90—Protective Devices4.2.6.6.1. Types of Primary Protectors4.2.6.6.2. Requirements for Secondary Protectors4.2.6.7. Article 800.100—Cable Grounding4.2.6.8. Article 800.100—Primary-Protector Grounding4.2.6.9. Article 800.154—Installation of Communications Wires, Cables, and Equipment4.2.6.10. Article 179—Listings, Markings, and Installation of Communications Wires and Cables4.2.6.11. Article 800.182—Communications Raceways4.3. Knowing and Following the Codes4.4. The Bottom Line

5.1. The Cable5.1.1. Horizontal and Backbone Cables5.1.1.1. Horizontal Cables5.1.1.2. Backbone Cables5.1.2. Patch Cords5.1.3. Picking the Right Cable for the Job5.2. Wall Plates and Connectors5.3. Cabling Pathways5.3.1. Conduit5.3.2. Cable Trays5.3.3. Raceways5.3.4. Fiber-Protection Systems5.4. Telecommunications Rooms, Enclosures, and Equipment Rooms5.4.1. TIA/EIA Recommendations for Telecommunications Rooms5.4.2. Cabling Racks and Enclosures5.4.2.1. Wall-Mounted Brackets5.4.2.2. Skeletal Frames (19″ Racks)5.4.2.3. Full Equipment Cabinets5.4.2.4. Cable Management Accessories5.4.2.5. Electrical Grounding5.4.3. Cross-Connect Devices5.4.3.1. The 66 Punch-Down Blocks5.4.3.2. The 110 and S-210 Punch-Down Blocks5.4.3.3. Modular Patch Panels5.4.3.4. Consolidation Points5.4.3.5. Fiber-Optic Connector Panels5.4.4. Administration Standards5.5. The Bottom Line
6.1. Building a Cabling Toolkit6.2. Common Cabling Tools6.2.1. Wire Strippers6.2.1.1. Twisted-Pair Strippers6.2.1.2. Coaxial Wire Strippers6.2.1.3. Fiber-Optic Cable Strippers6.2.2. Wire Cutters6.2.3. Cable Crimpers6.2.3.1. Twisted-Pair Crimpers6.2.3.2. Coaxial-Cable Crimpers6.2.4. Punch-Down Tools6.2.5. Fish Tapes6.2.6. Voltage Meter6.3. Cable Testing6.3.1. A Cable-Toning Tool6.3.2. Twisted-Pair Continuity Tester6.3.3. Coaxial Tester6.3.4. Optical Fiber Testers6.4. Cabling Supplies and Tools6.4.1. Cable-Pulling Tools6.4.2. Wire-Pulling Lubricant6.4.3. Cable-Marking Supplies6.4.3.1. Cable-Marking Labels6.4.3.2. Wall-Plate Marking Supplies6.5. Tools That a Smart Data Cable Technician Carries6.6. A Preassembled Kit Could Be It6.7. The Bottom Line
7.1. Types of Copper Cabling7.1.1. Major Cable Types Found Today7.1.1.1. Category 1 UTP Cable7.1.1.2. Category 2 UTP Cable7.1.1.3. Category 3 UTP Cable7.1.1.4. Category 5e Cable7.1.1.5. Category 6 Cable7.1.1.6. Category 6A Cable7.1.1.7. 150 Ohm Shielded Twisted-Pair Cable (IBM Type 1A)7.1.1.8. Multi-pair UTP Cable7.1.1.8.1. Color Codes and Multi-pair Cables7.1.1.8.2. Binder Groups7.1.1.9. Coaxial Cable7.1.1.10. Hybrid or Composite Cable7.1.2. Picking the Right Patch Cables7.1.3. Why Pick Copper Cabling?7.2. Best Practices for Copper Installation7.2.1. Following Standards7.2.1.1. Cable Distances7.2.1.2. Wiring Patterns7.2.2. Planning7.2.3. Installing Copper Cable7.2.3.1. Pulling Cable7.2.3.2. Separating Voice and Data Patch Panels7.2.3.3. Sheath Sharing7.2.3.4. Avoiding Electromagnetic Interference7.3. Copper Cable for Data Applications7.3.1. 110-Blocks7.3.2. Sample Data Installations7.4. Copper Cable for Voice Applications7.4.1. 66-Blocks7.4.2. Sample Voice Installations7.5. Testing7.5.1. Tone Generators and Amplifier Probes7.5.2. Continuity Testing7.5.3. Wire-Map Testers7.5.4. Cable Certification7.5.5. Common Problems with Copper Cabling7.5.5.1. Length Problems7.5.5.2. Wire-Map Problems7.5.5.3. NEXT and FEXT (Crosstalk) Problems7.5.5.4. Attenuation Problems7.6. The Bottom Line
8.1. Introducing Fiber-Optic Transmission8.2. Advantages of Fiber-Optic Cabling8.2.1. Immunity to Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)8.2.2. Higher Possible Data Rates8.2.3. Longer Maximum Distances8.2.4. Better Security8.3. Disadvantages of Fiber-Optic Cabling8.3.1. Cost8.3.2. Installation8.4. Types of Fiber-Optic Cables8.4.1. Composition of a Fiber-Optic Cable8.4.1.1. Optical Fiber8.4.1.1.1. Single-Mode Step-Index Glass8.4.1.1.2. Multimode Graded-Index Glass8.4.1.1.3. Multimode Plastic8.4.1.2. Buffer8.4.1.3. Strength Members8.4.1.4. Shield Materials8.4.1.5. Cable Jacket8.4.2. Additional Designations of Fiber-Optic Cables8.4.2.1. Core/Cladding Size8.4.2.1.1. 8.3/1258.4.2.1.2. 50/1258.4.2.1.3. 62.5/1258.4.2.2. Number of Optical Fibers8.4.2.3. LAN/WAN Application8.5. Fiber Installation Issues8.5.1. Components of a Typical Installation8.5.1.1. Fiber-Optic Enclosures8.5.1.2. Fiber-Optic Connectors8.5.2. Fiber-Optic Performance Factors8.5.2.1. Attenuation8.5.2.2. Acceptance Angle8.5.2.3. Numerical Aperture (NA)8.5.2.4. Modal Dispersion and Bandwidth8.5.2.5. Chromatic Dispersion8.6. The Bottom Line
9.1. Wall Plate Design and Installation Issues9.1.1. Manufacturer System9.1.2. Wall Plate Location9.1.2.1. Vertical Position9.1.2.2. Horizontal Position9.1.3. Wall Plate Mounting System9.1.3.1. Outlet Boxes9.1.3.2. Cut-In Mounting9.1.3.2.1. Remodel Boxes9.1.3.2.2. Cover-Plate Mounting Brackets9.1.3.3. Surface-Mount Outlet Boxes9.1.4. Fixed-Design or Modular Plate9.2. Fixed-Design Wall Plates9.2.1. Number of Jacks9.2.2. Types of Jacks9.2.3. Labeling9.3. Modular Wall Plates9.3.1. Number of Jacks9.3.2. Wall Plate Jack Considerations9.3.2.1. Wall Plate System Type9.3.2.2. Cable Connection9.3.2.3. Jack Orientation9.3.2.4. Wiring Pattern9.3.3. Labeling9.4. Biscuit Jacks9.4.1. Types of Biscuit Jacks9.4.2. Advantages of Biscuit Jacks9.4.3. Disadvantages of Biscuit Jacks9.5. The Bottom Line
10.1. Twisted-Pair Cable Connectors10.1.1. Patch-Panel Terminations10.1.2. Solid- vs. Stranded-Conductor Cables10.1.3. Modular Jacks and Plugs10.1.3.1. Wiring Schemes10.1.3.1.1. USOC Wiring Scheme10.1.3.1.2. ANSI/TIA -568-C Wiring Schemes T568A and T568B10.1.3.1.3. Other Wiring Schemes10.1.3.2. Pins Used by Specific Applications10.1.3.3. Using a Single Horizontal Cable Run for Two 10Base-T Connections10.1.3.4. Crossover Cables10.1.4. Shielded Twisted-Pair Connectors10.2. Coaxial Cable Connectors10.2.1. F-Series Coaxial Connectors10.2.2. N-Series Coaxial Connectors10.2.3. The BNC Connector10.3. Fiber-Optic Cable Connectors10.3.1. SC, ST, and FC Fiber-Optic Connector Types10.3.2. The SFF Connector10.3.3. Installing Fiber-Optic Connectors10.3.3.1. Crimping10.3.3.2. Gluing10.4. The Bottom Line
11.1. Network Connectivity Devices11.2. Workstation Ports11.2.1. Network Interface Cards11.2.2. Media Converters11.3. Repeaters and Hubs11.4. Bridges11.5. Switches11.5.1. Workgroup Switches11.5.2. Blocking vs. Nonblocking11.5.3. Core Switches11.5.4. Pluggable Transceivers and Form Factors11.6. Servers11.7. Routers11.8. The Bottom Line
12.1. Infrared Transmissions12.1.1. How Infrared Transmissions Work12.1.1.1. Point-to-Point Infrared Transmission12.1.1.2. Broadcast Infrared Transmission12.2. Advantages of Infrared12.2.1. Disadvantages of Infrared12.2.2. Examples of Infrared Transmissions12.2.2.1. IrDA Ports12.2.2.2. Infrared-Laser Devices12.3. Radio Frequency (RF) Systems12.3.1. How RF Works12.3.1.1. Low Power, Single Frequency12.3.1.2. High Power, Single Frequency12.3.1.3. Spread Spectrum12.3.2. Advantages of RF12.3.3. Disadvantages of RF12.3.4. Examples of RF12.4. Microwave Communications12.4.1. How Microwave Communication Works12.4.1.1. Terrestrial Microwave Systems12.4.1.2. Satellite Microwave Systems12.4.2. Advantages of Microwave Communications12.4.3. Disadvantages of Microwave Communications12.4.4. Examples of Microwave Communications12.5. The Bottom Line
13.1. Elements of a Successful Cabling Installation13.1.1. Proper Design13.1.1.1. Desired Standards and Performance Characteristics13.1.1.2. Flexibility13.1.1.3. Longevity13.1.1.4. Ease of Administration13.1.1.5. Economy13.1.2. Quality Materials13.1.3. Good Workmanship13.2. Cabling Topologies13.2.1. Bus Topology13.2.2. Hierarchical Star Topology13.2.3. Ring Topology13.2.4. Mesh Topology13.2.5. Backbones and Segments13.2.5.1. Understanding the Backbone13.2.5.2. Understanding Segments13.2.6. Selecting the Right Topology13.3. Cabling Plant Uses13.3.1. Telephone13.3.2. Television13.3.3. Fire Detection and Security Cabling13.4. Choice of Media13.5. Telecommunications Rooms13.5.1. LAN Wiring13.5.2. Telephone Wiring13.5.3. Power Requirements13.5.4. HVAC Considerations13.6. Cabling Management13.6.1. Physical Protection13.6.1.1. Conduit13.6.1.2. Cable Trays13.6.1.3. Standoffs13.6.1.4. D-Rings13.6.2. Electrical Protection (Spike Protection)13.6.2.1. Standby Power Supply (SPS)13.6.2.2. Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)13.6.3. Fire Protection13.7. Data and Cabling Security13.7.1. EM (Electromagnetic) Transmission Regulation13.7.2. Tapping Prevention13.8. Cabling Installation Procedures13.8.1. Design the Cabling System13.8.2. Schedule the Installation13.8.3. Install the Cabling13.8.3.1. Cabling Tools13.8.3.1.1. Pen and Paper13.8.3.1.2. Hand Tools13.8.3.1.3. Cable Spool Racks13.8.3.1.4. Fish Tape13.8.3.1.5. Pull String13.8.3.1.6. Cable-Pulling Lubricant13.8.3.1.7. Labeling Materials13.8.3.1.8. Two-Way Radio13.8.3.1.9. Tennis Ball13.8.3.2. Pulling Cable13.8.3.2.1. Tensile Strength13.8.3.2.2. Bend Radius13.8.3.2.3. Protection While Pulling13.8.3.3. Cabling System Documentation13.8.4. Terminate the Cable13.8.5. Test the Installation13.9. The Bottom Line
14.1. Twisted-Pair Cable Connector Installation14.1.1. Types of Connectors14.1.2. Conductor Arrangement14.1.3. Connector Crimping Procedures14.1.3.1. Prerequisites14.1.3.2. Installing the Connector14.1.3.3. Testing14.2. Coaxial Cable Connector Installation14.2.1. Types of Connectors14.2.2. Connector Crimping Procedures14.2.2.1. Prerequisites14.2.2.2. Installing the Connector14.2.2.3. Testing14.3. Fiber-Optic Cable Connector Installation14.3.1. Connector Types14.3.2. Connectorizing Methods14.3.2.1. Epoxy Connectors14.3.2.2. Mechanical Connectors14.3.3. Connector Installation Procedures14.3.3.1. Prerequisites14.3.3.2. Installing the Connector14.3.3.2.1. Cut and Strip the Cable14.3.3.2.2. Trim the Aramid Yarn14.3.3.2.3. Strip the Optical-Fiber Buffer14.3.3.2.4. Prepare the Epoxy14.3.3.2.5. Epoxy the Connector14.3.3.2.6. Insert the Fiber into the Connector14.3.3.2.7. Dry the Epoxy14.3.3.2.8. Scribe and Remove Extra Fiber14.3.3.2.9. Polish the Tip14.3.3.2.10. Inspect the Connector14.3.3.2.11. Finish14.4. The Bottom Line
15.1. Installation Testing15.1.1. Copper Cable Tests15.1.1.1. Wire Mapping15.1.1.2. Cable Length15.1.1.2.1. Time-Domain Reflectometry15.1.1.2.2. Locating Cable Faults15.1.1.2.3. Resistance Measuring15.1.1.3. Performance Testing15.1.1.3.1. Impedance15.1.1.3.2. Attenuation15.1.1.3.3. Near-End Crosstalk (NEXT)15.1.1.3.4. Power-Sum NEXT15.1.1.3.5. Attenuation to (Near-End) Crosstalk Ratio (ACR)15.1.1.3.6. Attenuation to Power-Sum (Near-End) Crosstalk Ratio (PSACR)15.1.1.3.7. Far-End Crosstalk (FEXT) and Attenuation to Crosstalk Ratio Far End (ACRF)15.1.1.3.8. Power-Sum FEXT (PSFEXT) and PSACRF15.1.1.3.9. Propagation Delay and Delay Skew15.1.1.3.10. Noise15.1.2. Fiber-Optic Tests15.1.2.1. Optical Power15.1.2.2. Loss (Attenuation)15.2. Cable Plant Certification15.2.1. Creating a Testing Regimen15.2.2. Copper Cable Certification15.2.3. Fiber-Optic Certification15.2.4. Third-Party Certification15.3. Cable Testing Tools15.3.1. Wire-Map Testers15.3.2. Continuity Testers15.3.3. Tone Generators15.3.4. Time-Domain Reflectometers15.3.4.1. Fault Detection15.3.4.2. Blind Spots15.3.4.3. Integrated TDRs15.3.5. Fiber-Optic Power Meters15.3.6. Fiber-Optic Test Sources15.3.7. Optical Loss Test Sets and Test Kits15.3.8. Optical Time-Domain Reflectometers15.3.9. Fiber-Optic Inspection Microscopes15.3.10. Visual Fault Locators15.3.11. Multifunction Cable Scanners15.4. Troubleshooting Cabling Problems15.4.1. Establishing a Baseline15.4.2. Locating the Problem15.4.3. Resolving Specific Problems15.4.3.1. Wire-Map Faults15.4.3.2. Excessive Length15.4.3.3. Opens and Shorts15.4.3.4. Excessive Attenuation15.4.3.5. Excessive Crosstalk15.4.3.6. Excessive Noise15.5. The Bottom Line
16.1. What Is a Request for Proposal?16.1.1. Setting the Tone for the Project16.1.2. The Goals of the RFP16.2. Developing a Request for Proposal16.2.1. The Needs Analysis16.2.1.1. Getting Input from Key Players16.2.1.2. The Bonus: Getting Buy-In16.2.2. Designing the Project for the RFP16.2.2.1. Components of a Cabling Infrastructure16.2.2.1.1. Backbone Cabling16.2.2.1.2. Telecommunications Rooms16.2.2.1.3. Horizontal Cabling16.2.2.1.4. Work Area16.2.2.2. How Much Is Enough?16.2.2.2.1. Wall Plates and Information Outlets16.2.2.2.2. Backbone and Horizontal Cabling16.2.2.3. Rules for Designing Your Infrastructure16.2.3. Writing the RFP16.2.3.1. Including the Right Content in the RFP16.2.3.2. What Makes a Good RFP?16.3. Distributing the RFP and Managing the Vendor-Selection Process16.3.1. Distributing RFPs to Prospective Vendors16.3.2. Vendor Selection16.4. Project Administration16.4.1. Project Management Tips16.4.2. Planning for the Cutover16.5. Technology Network Infrastructure Request for Proposal (A Sample RFP)16.5.1. General16.5.1.1. Contractor's Requirements16.5.1.2. Purpose of This RFP16.5.1.3. Work Included16.5.1.4. Intent16.5.2. Cable Plant16.5.2.1. Horizontal Cable16.5.2.2. Data Backbone Cabling16.5.2.3. Fire-Code Compliance16.5.2.4. Wiring Pathways16.5.2.5. Wiring Identification16.5.2.6. Telecommunications Rooms16.5.2.7. MC/IC Cable Management16.5.2.8. As-Built Diagrams16.5.2.9. Network Hardware Specifications16.5.2.10. Bidding Process16.5.2.11. Bid Submittals16.5.2.12. Miscellaneous16.6. The Bottom Line
17.1. Hints and Guidelines17.1.1. Know What You Are Doing17.1.2. Plan the Installation17.1.3. Have the Right Equipment17.1.4. Test and Document17.1.5. Train Your Crew17.2. Work Safely17.2.1. Make It Pretty17.2.2. Look Good Yourself17.2.3. Plan for Contingencies17.2.4. Match Your Work to the Job17.2.5. Waste Not, Want Not17.3. Case Studies17.3.1. A Small Job17.3.2. A Large Job17.3.3. An Inside Job17.4. The Bottom Line
18.1. Evolution of Light in Communication18.1.1. Early Forms of Light Communication18.1.2. The Quest for Data Transmission18.2. Evolution of Optical Fiber Manufacturing Technology18.2.1. Controlling the Course of Light18.2.2. Extending Fiber's Reach18.3. Evolution of Optical Fiber Integration and Application18.4. The Bottom Line
19.1. The Fiber-Optic Link19.1.1. Transmitter19.1.2. Receiver19.1.3. Optical Fibers19.1.4. Connectors19.2. Amplitude Modulation19.3. Analog Transmission19.4. Digital Data Transmission19.5. Analog Data Transmission vs. Digital Data Transmission19.6. Analog to Digital (A/D) Conversion19.6.1. Sample Rate19.6.2. Quantizing Error19.7. Digital-to-Analog (D/A) Conversion19.8. Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)19.9. Multiplexing19.10. Decibels (dB)19.10.1. Calculating dB Loss and Gain19.10.2. Expressing dB in Percentages19.10.3. The Rules of Thumb19.11. Absolute Power19.12. The Bottom Line
20.1. Light as Electromagnetic Energy20.2. The Electromagnetic Spectrum20.3. Refraction20.3.1. What Causes Refraction?20.3.2. Calculating the Index of Refraction20.4. Total Internal Reflection20.5. Fresnel Reflections20.6. The Bottom Line
21.1. Optical Fiber Components21.1.1. Core21.1.2. Cladding21.1.3. Coating21.1.4. Standards21.1.5. Materials21.2. Tensile Strength21.3. Manufacturing Optical Fiber21.3.1. Modified Chemical Vapor Deposition (MCVD)21.3.2. Outside Vapor Deposition (OVD)21.3.3. Vapor Axial Deposition (VAD)21.3.4. Plasma Chemical Vapor Deposition (PCVD)21.4. Mode21.4.1. Calculating the Numerical Aperture and Modes21.4.2. Refractive Index Profiles21.4.2.1. Multimode Step-Index Fiber21.4.2.2. Multimode Graded-Index Fiber21.4.2.3. Single-Mode Step-Index Fiber21.4.2.4. Single-Mode Depressed-Clad Fiber21.5. The Bottom Line
22.1. It All Adds Up22.2. Dispersion22.2.1. Modal Dispersion22.2.2. Material Dispersion22.2.3. Waveguide Dispersion22.2.4. Chromatic Dispersion22.2.4.1. Reduced Spectral Width22.2.5. Polarization-Mode Dispersion22.2.6. How Dispersion Affects Bandwidth22.3. Attenuation22.3.1. Absorption22.3.2. Scattering22.3.3. Total Attenuation22.4. Bending Losses22.4.1. Microbends22.4.2. Macrobends22.5. Numerical Aperture22.6. Equilibrium Mode Distribution22.7. Fiber Specifications22.8. The Bottom Line
23.1. Basic Safety23.1.1. Engineering Controls23.1.2. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)23.1.3. Good Work Habits23.2. Light Sources23.2.1. Federal Regulations and International Standards23.2.1.1. Federal Regulations23.2.1.2. Standards23.2.1.2.1. OSHA Standards for OFCS Service Groups23.2.1.2.2. OSHA Laser Hazard Classes23.2.1.2.3. IEC Laser Hazard Classifications23.2.1.2.4. IEC Laser Hazard Levels for OFCS23.2.2. Laser Safety23.3. Handling Fiber23.4. Chemicals23.4.1. Isopropyl Alcohol23.4.2. Solvents23.4.3. Anaerobic Epoxy23.5. Site Safety23.5.1. Electrical23.5.2. Ladders23.5.3. Trenches23.6. Emergencies23.6.1. Injury23.6.2. Chemical Exposure23.6.3. Fire23.7. The Bottom Line
24.1. Basic Cable24.2. Cable Components24.2.1. Buffer24.2.1.1. Loose Buffer24.2.1.2. Tight Buffer24.2.2. Strength Members24.2.3. Jacket24.3. Cable Types24.3.1. Cordage24.3.1.1. Simplex Cordage24.3.1.2. Duplex Cordage24.3.2. Distribution Cable24.3.3. Breakout Cable24.3.4. Armored Cable24.3.5. Messenger Cable24.3.6. Ribbon Cable24.3.7. Submarine Cable24.3.8. Aerospace Cable24.3.9. Hybrid Cable24.3.10. Composite Cable24.4. Cable Duty Specifications24.5. Cable Termination Methods24.5.1. Fanout Kit24.5.2. Breakout Kit24.6. Blown Fiber24.7. NEC Standards for Fiber-Optic Cables and Raceways24.7.1. NEC Fiber-Optic Cable Types24.7.2. Fire Resistance24.7.2.1. Plenum Cable24.7.2.2. Riser Cable24.7.2.3. General-Purpose Cable24.7.3. NEC-Listed Raceways24.8. Cable Markings and Codes24.8.1. External Markings24.8.2. Color Codes24.8.3. Sequential Markings24.9. Bend Radius Specifications24.10. The Bottom Line
25.1. Why Splice?25.1.1. Splice Performance25.1.2. Intrinsic Factors25.1.2.1. Numerical Aperture (NA) Mismatch25.1.2.2. Core Diameter Mismatch25.1.2.3. Mode Field Diameter Mismatch25.1.2.4. Cladding Diameter Mismatch25.1.2.5. Concentricity25.1.2.6. Noncircularity25.1.3. Extrinsic Factors25.1.3.1. Lateral Misalignment25.1.3.2. End Separation25.1.3.3. Angular Misalignment25.2. Splicing Equipment25.2.1. Cleaning Materials25.2.2. Cleavers25.2.3. Mechanical Splice25.2.4. Fusion Splice25.3. Splicing Procedures25.3.1. Mechanical Splicing Procedure25.3.2. Fusion Splicing Procedure25.4. Splice Requirements25.5. The Bottom Line
26.1. The Fiber-Optic Connector26.2. Connection Performance26.2.1. Intrinsic Factors26.2.2. Extrinsic Factors26.2.3. Geometry26.2.4. Interferometer26.3. Connector Types26.3.1. Single-Fiber Connectors26.3.1.1. SC Connectors26.3.1.2. ST Connectors26.3.1.3. FC Connectors26.3.1.4. LC Connectors26.3.1.5. D4 Connectors26.3.1.6. SMA Connectors26.3.1.7. Biconic Connectors26.3.1.8. Mini-BNC Connectors26.3.2. Multiple-Fiber Connectors26.3.2.1. FDDI Connectors26.3.2.2. ESCON Connectors26.3.2.3. SC Duplex Connectors26.3.2.4. LC Duplex Connectors26.3.2.5. MPO Connectors26.3.2.6. MTP Connectors26.3.2.7. MT-RJ Connectors26.3.2.8. Pigtails26.3.2.9. Specialized Connectors26.4. Connector Termination26.4.1. Tools26.4.2. Epoxy26.4.2.1. Oven-Cured Epoxy26.4.2.2. Anaerobic Epoxy26.4.3. Abrasives26.4.3.1. Aluminum Oxide26.4.3.2. Diamond26.4.4. Hand Polishing26.4.5. Assembling the Connector26.4.5.1. Cable and Optical Fiber Preparation26.4.5.2. Oven-Cured Epoxy Application, Connector Assembly, and Polishing26.4.5.2.1. Oven-Cured Epoxy Application and Connector Assembly26.4.5.2.2. Oven-Cured Epoxy Connector Polishing26.4.5.3. Anaerobic Epoxy Application, Connector Assembly, and Polishing26.4.5.3.1. Anaerobic Epoxy Application and Connector Assembly26.4.5.3.2. Anaerobic Epoxy Connector Polishing26.4.6. Machine Polishing26.4.7. Pre-polished Connectors26.5. Endface Cleaning and Inspection26.5.1. Endface Cleaning26.5.2. Endface Inspection26.5.2.1. Inspection Microscopes26.5.2.2. Examples of Endface Inspection26.5.2.2.1. Good Quality, Clean Endfaces26.5.2.2.2. Good Quality, Dirty Endfaces26.5.2.2.3. Broken or Damaged Endfaces26.5.3. Connector Performance26.5.4. Connector Color Code26.6. The Bottom Line
27.1. Semiconductor Light Sources27.1.1. LED Sources27.1.2. Laser Sources27.2. Light Source Performance Characteristics27.2.1. Output Pattern27.2.1.1. LED Output Pattern27.2.1.2. Laser Output Pattern27.2.2. Source Wavelengths27.2.2.1. LED Wavelengths27.2.2.2. Laser Wavelengths27.2.3. Source Spectral Output27.2.3.1. LED Spectral Width27.2.3.2. Laser Spectral Width27.2.4. Source Output Power27.2.4.1. LED Output Power27.2.4.2. Laser Output Power27.2.5. Source Modulation Speed27.2.5.1. LED Modulation Speed27.2.5.2. Laser Modulation Speed27.3. Transmitter Performance Characteristics27.3.1. LED Transmitter Performance Characteristics27.3.2. LED Transmitter Applications27.3.3. Laser Transmitter Performance Characteristics27.3.4. Laser Transmitter Applications27.4. Light Source Safety27.4.1. Classifications27.4.2. Safe Handling Precautions27.5. The Bottom Line
28.1. Photodiode Fundamentals28.2. Other Types of Photodiode28.2.1. PIN Photodiode28.2.2. Avalanche Photodiode28.3. Photodiode Responsivity, Efficiency, and Speed28.3.1. Responsivity28.3.2. Quantum Efficiency28.3.3. Switching Speed28.4. Fiber-Optic Receiver28.4.1. Packaging28.4.2. Receptacle28.4.3. Optical Subassembly28.4.4. Electrical Subassembly28.5. Receiver Performance Characteristics28.5.1. Dynamic Range28.5.2. Operating Wavelength28.5.3. LED Receiver Performance Characteristics28.5.4. Laser Receiver Performance Characteristics28.6. The Bottom Line
29.1. Standards29.2. Parameters29.3. Couplers29.3.1. The Tee Coupler29.3.1.1. Distribution and Loss of Output Power in a Tee Coupler29.3.1.2. Methods of Describing Insertion Loss29.3.1.3. Calculating the Output Power at the Ports of a Coupler29.3.1.3.1. Calculating from the Insertion Loss Value29.3.1.3.2. Calculating with the Insertion Loss and Excess Loss29.3.2. The Star Coupler29.3.2.1. Calculating the Losses with a Star Coupler29.3.2.2. Advantages of Star Coupler Compared to Tee Coupler29.4. Optical Switches29.4.1. Optomechanical Switch29.4.2. Thermo-Optic29.4.3. Electro-Optic29.5. Optical Attenuators29.5.1. Principles of Optical Attenuators29.5.1.1. Gap-Loss Principle29.5.1.2. Absorptive Principle29.5.1.3. Reflective Principle29.5.2. Types of Attenuators29.5.2.1. Fixed Attenuators29.5.2.2. Stepwise Variable Attenuators29.5.2.3. Continuously Variable Attenuators29.5.3. Calculating the Attenuation Value29.6. Optical Isolator29.6.1. Polarized Optical Isolator29.6.2. Magnetic Optical Isolator29.7. Wavelength Division Multiplexing29.8. Optical Amplifier29.9. Optical Filter29.10. The Bottom Line
30.1. Passive and Active Network Fundamentals30.1.1. Passive Copper Network30.1.2. Active Copper Network30.1.3. Passive Optical Network30.1.4. Active Optical Network30.2. Fiber to the X30.2.1. Fiber to the Home30.2.2. Fiber to the Building30.2.3. Fiber to the Curb30.2.4. Fiber to the Node30.3. Outside Plant Components30.3.1. Cables30.3.1.1. Feeder Cables30.3.1.2. Distribution Cables30.3.1.3. Drop Cables30.3.2. Local Convergence Point30.3.3. Network Access Point30.3.4. Network Interface Device30.4. The Bottom Line
31.1. Installation Specifications31.1.1. Bend Radius31.1.2. Tensile Rating31.2. Installation Hardware31.2.1. Pulling Eye31.2.2. Pull Box31.2.3. Splice Enclosures31.2.4. Patch Panels31.3. Installation Methods31.3.1. Tray and Duct31.3.2. Conduit31.3.3. Direct Burial31.3.4. Aerial31.3.5. Blown Fiber31.3.6. Cable Slack31.4. Fire Resistance and Grounding31.4.1. Fire Resistance31.4.2. Grounding31.4.3. Cable Types31.5. Hardware Management31.5.1. Cleanliness31.5.2. Organization31.5.3. Clamps and Cable Ties31.5.4. Labeling31.5.5. Documentation31.6. Labeling Requirements31.7. The Bottom Line
32.1. Basic Fiber-Optic System Design Considerations32.2. The Advantages of Optical Fiber over Copper32.2.1. Bandwidth32.2.2. Attenuation32.2.3. Electromagnetic Immunity32.2.4. Size and Weight32.2.5. Security32.2.6. Safety32.3. Link Performance Analysis32.3.1. Cable Transmission Performance32.3.2. Splice and Connector Performance32.3.3. Power Budget32.3.3.1. Multimode Link Analysis32.3.3.2. Single-Mode Link Analysis32.4. The Bottom Line
33.1. Continuity Tester33.2. Visual Fault Locator33.3. Fiber Identifier33.4. Optical Return Loss Test Set33.5. Light Source and Optical Power Meter33.5.1. Multimode OLTS33.5.1.1. Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser (VCSEL) OLTS33.5.1.2. LED OLTS33.5.2. Single-Mode OLTS33.6. Patch Cord33.7. Test Jumper33.8. Mode Filter33.9. ANSI/TIA-526-14-A Optical Loss Measurement33.9.1. Method A33.9.2. Method B33.9.3. Method C33.10. Patch Cord Optical Power Loss Measurement33.10.1. Optical Time-Domain Reflectometer33.10.2. OTDR Theory33.10.3. OTDR Display33.10.4. OTDR Setup33.10.4.1. Fiber Type33.10.4.2. Wavelength33.10.4.3. Range and Resolution33.10.4.4. Pulse Width33.10.4.5. Averages33.10.4.6. Refractive Index33.10.4.7. Thresholds33.10.4.8. Backscatter Coefficient33.10.5. Cable Plant Test Setup33.10.6. Testing and Trace Analysis33.10.6.1. Baseline Trace33.10.6.2. Measuring the Attenuation of a Partial Length of Optical Fiber33.10.6.3. Measuring the Distance to the End of the Optical Fiber33.10.6.4. Measuring the Length of a Cable Segment33.10.6.5. Measuring Interconnection Loss33.10.6.6. Measuring the Loss of a Fusion Splice or Macrobend33.10.6.7. Measuring the Loss of a Cable Segment and Interconnections33.10.7. Documentation of OTDR Testing33.11. The Bottom Line
34.1. Inspection and Evaluation34.1.1. Connector Inspection34.1.2. Connector Endface Evaluation34.1.3. Receptacle/Mating Sleeve Inspection and Cleaning34.1.3.1. Cleaning an Endface with a Cleaning Stick34.1.3.2. Cleaning an Endface with a Tape Type Cleaner34.2. Continuity Tester Fault Location Techniques34.3. Visual Fault Locator34.4. Fiber Identifier34.5. OTDR Fault Location Techniques34.6. Restoration Practices34.7. The Bottom Line
A.1. Chapter 1: Introduction to Data CablingA.2. Chapter 2: Cabling Specifications and StandardsA.3. Chapter 3: Choosing the Correct CablingA.4. Chapter 4: Cable System and Infrastructure ConstraintsA.5. Chapter 5: Cabling System ComponentsA.6. Chapter 6: Tools of the TradeA.7. Chapter 7: Copper Cable MediaA.8. Chapter 8: Fiber-Optic MediaA.9. Chapter 9: Wall PlatesA.10. Chapter 10: ConnectorsA.11. Chapter 11: Network EquipmentA.12. Chapter 12: Wireless NetworksA.13. Chapter 13: Cabling System Design and InstallationA.14. Chapter 14: Cable Connector InstallationA.15. Chapter 15: Cable System Testing and TroubleshootingA.16. Chapter 16: Creating a Request for ProposalA.17. Chapter 17: Cabling @ Work: Experience from the FieldA.18. Chapter 18: History of Fiber OpticsA.19. Chapter 19: Principles of Fiber-Optic TransmissionA.20. Chapter 20: Basic Principles of LightA.21. Chapter 21: Optical Fiber Construction and TheoryA.22. Chapter 22: Optical Fiber CharacteristicsA.23. Chapter 23: SafetyA.24. Chapter 24: Fiber-Optic CablesA.25. Chapter 25: SplicingA.26. Chapter 26: ConnectorsA.27. Chapter 27: Fiber-Optic Light SourcesA.28. Chapter 28: Fiber-Optic Detectors and ReceiversA.29. Chapter 29: Passive Components and MultiplexersA.30. Chapter 30: Passive Optical NetworksA.31. Chapter 31: Cable Installation and HardwareA.32. Chapter 32: Fiber-Optic System Design ConsiderationsA.33. Chapter 33: Test Equipment and Link/Cable TestingA.34. Chapter 34: Troubleshooting and Restoration
B.1. Informational Internet ResourcesB.1.1. comp.dcom.cablingB.1.2. WhatisB.1.3. WikipediaB.1.4. TIA OnlineB.1.5. Fiber Optics LAN Section (FOLS)B.1.6. TechFestB.1.7. TechEncyclopediaB.1.8. National Electrical Code Internet ConnectionB.1.9. Charles Spurgeon's Ethernet WebsiteB.1.10. ATIS Telecom GlossaryB.1.11. Protocols.comB.1.12. Webopedia: Online Computer Dictionary for Internet Terms and Technical SupportB.2. Books, Publications, and VideosB.2.1. Cabling Business MagazineB.2.2. Cabling Installation and Maintenance MagazineB.2.3. The Fiber Optic Association (FOA)B.2.4. Newton's Telecom DictionaryB.2.5. Premises NetworkB.2.6. BICSI's Telecommunications Distribution Methods Manual and Information Transport Systems Installation Methods ManualB.2.7. ANSI/TIA-568-C Commercial Building Telecommunication Cabling StandardB.3. ManufacturersB.3.1. The Siemon CompanyB.3.2. MilesTek, Inc.B.3.3. IDEAL Industries, Inc.B.3.4. LevitonB.3.5. OrtronicsB.3.6. Superior EssexB.3.7. CommScopeB.3.8. Jensen ToolsB.3.9. Labor Saving Devices, Inc.B.3.10. OFSB.3.11. EricoB.3.12. Berk-TekB.3.13. FlukeB.3.14. PanduitB.3.15. AnixterB.3.16. GraybarB.3.17. Communications Supply Corporation
C.1. Apply and Be Accepted as a Candidate for the Designation of RCDDC.2. Successfully Pass the Stringent RCDD ExamC.3. Maintain Your Accreditation Through Continuing Membership and EducationC.4. Check Out BICSI and the RCDD Program for Yourself
D.1. Home Cabling Facts and TrendsD.2. Structured Residential CablingD.2.1. Picking Cabling Equipment for Home CablingD.2.2. A Word About WirelessD.3. Thinking Forward
E.1. IEEE 1394E.2. USB
F.1. Data Cabling Installer Certification (DCIC) 2007 Competency RequirementsF.1.1. Basic ElectricityF.1.2. Data Communications BasicsF.1.3. Definitions, Symbols, And AbbreviationsF.1.4. Cable ConstructionF.1.5. Cable Performance CharacteristicsF.1.6. Cabling StandardsF.1.7. Basic Network TopologiesF.1.8. Basic Network ArchitecturesF.1.9. National Electric Code – NEC and UL RequirementsF.1.10. Cabling System ComponentsF.1.11. DCIC Installation ToolsF.1.12. Connectors and OutletsF.1.13. Cabling System DesignF.1.14. Cabling InstallationF.1.15. Connector InstallationF.1.16. Cabling Testing and CertificationF.1.17. Cabling TroubleshootingF.1.18. DocumentationF.2. Certified Fiber Optics Installer (CFOI) 2009 Competency RequirementsF.2.1. History of Fiber Optic CablingF.2.2. Principles of Fiber Optic TransmissionF.2.3. Basic Principles of LightF.2.4. Optical Fiber Construction and TheoryF.2.5. Optical Fiber CharacteristicsF.2.6. Fiber Optic Cabling SafetyF.2.7. Fiber Optic CablesF.2.8. SplicingF.2.9. ConnectorsF.2.10. Fiber Optic Light SourcesF.2.11. Fiber Optic Detectors and ReceiversF.2.12. Cable Installation and TestingF.2.13. Fiber Optic System Design ConsiderationsF.2.14. Test Equipment and Link/Cable TestingF.3. Fiber Optic Technician (FOT) 2007 Competency RequirementsF.3.1. Principles of Fiber Optic TransmissionF.3.2. Basic Principles of LightF.3.3. Optical Fiber Construction and TheoryF.3.4. Optical Fiber CharacteristicsF.3.5. Advantages of Fiber Over CopperF.3.6. Fiber Optic CablesF.3.7. SourcesF.3.8. DetectorsF.3.9. ConnectorsF.3.10. Passive ComponentsF.3.11. Types of SplicingF.3.12. Cable Installation and HardwareF.3.13. Fiber Optic LinkF.3.14. Optical Fiber Measurement and TestingF.3.15. Link and Cable Testing