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Chapter 19
Numerical Methods
Aer successfully conquering the simple arithmetical tasks of counting,
addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, scholars slowly began
to address signicantly more challenging mathematical problems. ese
started with the calculation of
, π, areas and volumes of objects, and
astronomy (orbit projections of heavenly bodies). Eventually, this led to the
development of well-dened numerical methods and procedures, which
were initially performed by hand, and later by a computer. Initially, funda-
mental problems in physics, in particular, motion, led to the development
of many innovative numerical methods. ...