
Articial Intelligence ◾ 227
Marvin Minsky was born in 1927. In 1950, Minsky received his B.A.
from Harvard University, and in 1954 a doctorate in mathematics
from Princeton University. In 1951, Minsky built the rst neural net-
work simulator and the rst randomly wired neural network learn-
ing machine. His work laid down the foundations for the analysis of
neural networks. Minsky built mechanical arms, hands, and other
robotic devices. Minsky also did pioneering work on knowledge
representation, theory of frames, and other well-known AI models .
In the early 1970s, while at MIT, Minsky and Seymour Papert
developed a theory, called t