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CYBerseCurItY For InDustrIAL ControL sYsteMs
in the 1960s. Prior to this period, manual operator observations and
intervention were the norm, aided by networks of pipes with gauges
that allowed very simple forms of process monitoring.(ink of the
steam pressure gauge on a boiler, which might be available on the
bridge of a ship.) e advent of transistors and modern electronics
made the process control systems as we know them today possible,
allowing industrial processes to be made both more ecient and
more pervasive. Of course, ICS also improved the ability to detect
and respond to dangerous situations, and thereby mitigate some of
the risks associated with massively scaling up industrial production
processes in order to gain eco