Cybersecurity for Industrial Control Systems

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ICs VuLnerABILItIes

and alerts, supervisory control functions, process history collection,

and open loop control

2

with human intervention.

Level 1: Local or Basic Control Level 1 includes the functions involved

in sensing and manipulating the physical process. Process moni-

toring equipment reads data from sensors, executes algorithms if

necessary, and maintains process history. Examples of process moni-

toring systems include tank gauging systems, continuous emission

monitors, rotating equipment monitoring systems, and temperature

indicating systems. Process control equipment reads data from sen-

sors, executes a control algorithm, and sends an output to a nal

element (e.g., control valves or motor controls). Level1 controllers

are dire