Data Governance

70  •  Julia Zhang

At the same time, the biopharmaceutical industry, private and public

institutions, and government have invested heavily in a large number of

research platforms and more research-specic initiatives than are prac-

tical to mention. It should be the best of times for drug development,

but, alas, it is the worst of times. Despite increasing nancial investment

in pharmaceutical R&D (research and development), innovation has

reached a plateau. is has been exacerbated by patent expirations, poor

outcomes from R&D, increasing regulatory burden around the globe,

and healthcare reimbursement issues. Figure4.2 shows a model of dr