4.1 Introduction4.2 Statement (Proposition)4.3 Propositional Variables, Simple and Compound Propositions (or Statements)4.3.1 Simple Propositions4.3.2 Compound Proposition4.4 Basic Logical Operations4.4.1 Negation4.4.2 Conjunction4.4.3 Disjunction4.4.4 Negation of Compound Statements4.4.5 Conditional Statements4.4.6 Converse, Contrapositive and Inverse4.4.7 NAND, NOR, and XOR Operators4.4.8 Biconditional Statements4.4.9 Negation of Biconditional Statement4.5 Tautology and Contradiction4.5.1 Contingency4.6 Logically Equivalent or Equivalent Propositions4.7 Logical Arguments4.7.1 Validity of an Argument4.7.2 Law of Syllogism4.7.3 Methods to Test the Validity of an Argument4.8 Predicates4.8.1 Propositional Functions and Quantifiers4.8.2 Universal Quantifier4.8.3 Existential Quantifier4.9 Methods of Proof4.9.1 Direct Proof4.9.2 Indirect Proof4.9.3 Proof by Counter Example4.9.4 Principle of Mathematical InductionExercise – AExercise – B