book

Embedded Systems Circuits and Programming

by Julio Sanchez, Maria P. Canton

December 2017

Intermediate to advanced

891 pages

20h 46m

English

CRC Press

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Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Chapter 1 – Real-Time Computing
1.0 Defining the Embedded System1.1 Embedded Systems History1.2 Hardware Complexity1.2.1 Processor1.2.2 Microcontrollers1.2.3 Hardware and Software1.3 Execution in Real-Time1.3.1 Hard and Soft Real-Time Systems
Chapter 2 – Circuit Fundamentals
2.1 Electrical Circuit2.2 Circuit Concepts and Components2.3 Digital Electronics2.4 Diode2.4.1 Light-Emitting Diode (LED)2.5 Transistors2.5.1 Bipolar Transistor2.5.2 MOS Transistor
Chapter 3 – Logic Gates and Circuit Components
3.1 Logic Gates3.2 Power Supplies3.3 Clocked Logic and Flip-Flops3.3.1 RS Flip-Flop3.3.2 Clocked Circuits3.3.3 D Flip-Flop3.3.4 Edge-Triggered D Flip-Flop3.3.5 Preset and Clear Signals3.3.6 D Flip-Flop Waveform Action3.3.7 Flip-Flop Applications3.4 Digital Clocks3.4.1 Clock Waveforms3.4.2 TTL Clock3.4.3 555 Timer3.4.4 Microcontroller Clocks3.5 Counters and Frequency Dividers3.5.1 Fre quency Dividers3.5.2 JK Flip-Flop Counter3.5.3 Ripple Counters3.5.4 Decoding Gates3.5.5 Synchronous Counters3.5.6 Counter ICs3.5.7 Shift Registers3.6 Multiplexers and Demultiplexers3.6.1 Multiplexers3.6.2 Demultiplexers3.6.3 Multiplexer and Demultiplexer ICs
Chapter 4 – Input and Output Devices
4.1 Obtaining Input4.2 Switches4.2.1 Switch Contact Bounce4.2.2 Keypads4.3 Output Devices4.3.1 Seven-Segment LED4.3.2 Liquid Crystal Displays4.3.3 LCD Technologies

Chapter 5 – From Circuit Schematics to PCB
5.1 Circuit Diagram5.1.1 Symbols5.1.2 Tools for Electronic Circuit Design5.2 Circuit Board Design5.2.1 Board Design Standards5.2.2 Gerber File Format5.3 Developing the Circuit Prototype5.3.1 BreadboardLimitations of BreadboardsBreadboarding Tools and Techniques5.3.2 Wire-Wrapping5.3.3 Perfboards5.4 Printed Circuit Boards5.4.1 PCB Layers5.4.2 PCB Connectors5.5 Making Your Own PCB5.5.1 Drawing the CPB Circuit5.5.2 Printing the PCB5.5.3 Transferring the PCB Image5.5.4 Etching the Board5.5.5 Finishing the Board5.5.6 Backside Image5.6 Surface-Mount Components5.6.1 SMT Adapters5.6.2 Soldering SMT Components5.7 Troubleshooting the Circuit Board5.7.1 Circuit Testing Tools
Chapter 6 – Introducing the Microcontroller
6.1 A Computer on a Chip6.2 PICMicro Microcontroller6.2.1 Programming the PICDevelopment Boards6.2.2 Prototyping a PIC Circuit6.3 PIC Architecture6.3.1 Baseline PIC FamilyPIC10 DevicesPIC12 DevicesPIC14 Devices6.3.2 Mid-Range PIC FamilyPIC16 Devices6.3.3 High-Performance PIC FamilyPIC18 Devices
Chapter 7 – Architecture and Instruction Set
7.1 Mid-Range PIC Architecture7.1.1 Harvard Architecture7.1.2 CISC versus RISC7.1.3 Single-Word Instructions7.1.4 Instruction Format7.1.5 Mid-Range Device Versions7.1.6 Arithmetic-Logic Unit7.2 Data Memory Organization7.2.1 w Register7.2.2 Data RegistersMemory BanksSFRsGPRs7.2.3 Indirect Addressing7.3 Mid-Range I/O and Peripherals7.3.1 Ports7.3.2 Timers7.3.3 Capture and Compare Module7.3.4 Master Synchronous Serial Port7.3.5 USART Module7.3.6 A/D Module7.4 Mid-Range PIC Core Features7.4.1 Oscillator7.4.2 System Reset7.4.3 Interrupts7.5 Mid-Range Instruction Set7.5.1 STATUS and OPTION Registers7.6 EEPROM Data Storage7.6.1 EEPROM in Mid-Range PICs
Chapter 8 – Embedded Systems Programming
8.1 Assembly versus High-Level Languages8.1.2 Embedded Systems8.2 Integrated Development Environment8.2.1 Installing MPLAB8.2.2 MPLAB Project8.2.3 Project Build Options8.2.4 Building the Project8.2.5 Quickbuild Option8.3 Simulators and Debuggers8.3.1 MPLAB SIM8.3.2 MPLAB Hardware Debuggers8.3.3 Improvised Debugger8.4 Programmers8.5 Engineering PIC Software8.5.1 Using Program CommentsProgram HeaderCommented BannersCommented Bitmaps8.5.2 Defining Data Elementscblock Directive8.5.3 Banking Techniquesbanksel DirectiveBank Selection MacrosDeprecated Banking Instructions8.5.4 Processor and Configuration ControlsConfiguration Bits8.5.5 Naming Conventions8.5.6 Errorlevel Directive8.6 Pseudo In structions
Chapter 9 – I/O Circuits and Programs
9.1 Simple Input and Output9.1.1 16F84A Programming Template9.2 Template Circuits9.2.1 MCLR and Oscillator Template9.2.2 Power SuppliesVoltage Regulator9.3 Simple Circuits and Programs9.3.1 Single LED CircuitLED Flasher Program9.3.2 LED/Pushbutton Circuit9.3.3 Multiple LED Circuit9.4 Seven-Segment LED9.5 I/O Demo Board9.5.1 TestDemo1 Program9.6 Comparisons in PIC Programming9.6.1 PIC Carry Flag
Chapter 10 – PIC Interrupt System
10.1 Interrupts10.1.1 16F84 Interrupts10.1.2 Interrupt Control Register10.1.3 OPTION Register10.2 Interrupt Sources10.2.1 Port B External Interrupt10.2.2 Timer0 Interrupt10.2.3 Port B Line Change InterruptMultiple External Interrupts10.2.4 EEPROM Data Write Interrupt10.3 Developing the Interrupt Handler10.3.1 Context Saving OperationsSaving W and STATUS Registers10.4 Interrupt Programming10.4.1 Programming the External InterruptRB0 Interrupt InitializationRB0 ISR10.4.2 Wake-Up from SLEEP Using the RB0 InterruptSleepDemo Program10.4.3 Port B Bits 4-7 Status Change InterruptRB4-7 Interrupt InitializationRB4-7 Change ISR10.5 Sample Programs10.6 Demonstration Programs10.6.1 RB0Int Program10.6.2 SleepDemo Program10.6.3 RB4to7Int Program
Chapter 11 – Timers and Counters
11.1 Controlling the Time Lapse11.1.1 16F84 Timer0 Module11.1.2 Timer0 OperationTimer0 InterruptTimer0 Prescaler11.2 Delays Using Timer011.2.1 Long Delay LoopsHow Accurate Is the Delay?11.3 Timer0 as a Counter11.4 Timer0 Programming11.4.1 Programming a CounterTimer/Counter Test CircuitTimerCounter ProgramCode Details11.4.2 Timer0 as a Delay TimerDelay Timer Circuit11.4.3 DelayTimer ProgramCode Details11.4.4 Variable Time Lapse11.4.5 Variable Lapse Timer ProgramCode Details11.4.6 Interrupt-Driven Timer11.4.7 TimerInt ProgramCode Details11.5 Watchdog Timer11.5.1 Watch dog Timer Programming11.6 Demonstration Programs11.6.1 Tmr0Counter program11.6.2 Timer0 Program11.6.3 LapseTimer Program11.6.4 LapseTmrInt Program
Chapter 12 – LCD Hardware and Programming
12.1 Liquid Crystal Display12.1.1 LCD Features and Architecture12.1.2 LCD Functions and ComponentsInternal RegistersBusy FlagAddress CounterDisplay Data RAM (DDRAM)Character Generator ROM (CGROM)Character Generator RAM (CGRAM)Timing Generation CircuitLiquid Crystal Display Driver CircuitCursor/Blink Control Circuit12.1.3 Connectivity and Pin-Out12.2 Interfacing with the HD4478012.2.1 Busy Flag or Timed Delay Options12.2.2 Contrast Control12.2.3 Display Backlight12.2.4 Display Memory Mapping12.3 HD44780 Instruction Set12.3.1 Instruction Set OverviewClearing the DisplayReturn HomeEntry Mode SetDisplay and Cursor ON/OFFCursor/Display ShiftFunction SetSet CGRAM AddressSet DDRAM AddressRead Busy Flag and Address RegisterWrite DataRead Data12.3.2 A 16F84 8-Bit Data Mode Circuit12.4 LCD Programming12.4.1 Defining Constants and VariablesUsing MPLAB Data Directives12.4.2 LCD InitializationFunction Set CommandDisplay OffDisplay and Cursor OnSet Entry ModeCursor and Display ShiftClear Display12.4.3 Auxiliary OperationsTime Delay RoutinePulsing the E LineReading the Busy FlagBit Merging Operations12.4.4 Text Data Storage and DisplayGenerating and Storing a Text StringDisplaying the Text String12.4.5 Data Compression Techniques4-Bit Data Transfer ModeMaster/Slave Systems12.5 Sample Programs
Chapter 13 – Analog-to-Digital and Real-Time Clocks
13.1 Clocks and the Digital Revolution13.2 A/D Converters13.2.1 Converter Resolution13.2.2 ADC Implementation13.3 A/D Integrated Circuits13.3.1 ADC0331 Sample Circuit and Program13.4 PIC Onboard A/D Hardware13.4.1 A/D Module on the 16F87xADCON0 RegisterADCON1 RegisterSLEEP Mode Operation13.4.2 A/D Module Sample Circuit and Program13.5 Real-Time Clocks13.5.1 NJU6355 Real-Time Clock13.5.2 RTC Demonstration Circuit and ProgramBCD Conversion Procedures13.6 Demonstration Programs13.6.1 ADF84 Program13.6.2 A2DinLCD Program13.6.3 RTC2LCD Program
Chapter 14 – Data EEPROM
14.1 EEPROM Programming14.1.1 Data EEPROM14.2 EEPROM Programming14.2.1 Reading EEPROM Data14.2.2 EEPROM Data Memory Write14.3 EEPROM Programming Application14.3.1 EECounter ProgramCode Details14.4 Demonstration Programs14.4.1 EECounter Program14.4.2 Ser2EEP Program14.4.3 I2CEEP Program
Chapter 15 – Stepper Motors
15.1 Description and Operation15.1.1 Stepper Motor TypesVariable ReluctancePermanent MagnetHybrid15.1.2 Unipolar Stepper Motors15.1.3 Determining Unipolar and Bipolar WiringFour-Wire MotorSix-Wire Unipolar MotorFive-Wire Unipolar15.1.4 Bipolar Stepper Motors15.2 Stepper Motor Controls15.2.1 Stepping ModesWave Drive ModeFull Step ModeHalf Step ModeMicrostepping
Chapter 16 – Stepper Motor Circuit Components
16.1 Circuit Elements16.1.1 Input, Output, and Feedback16.2 Translator16.2.1 PIC Microcontroller as a Translator16.3 Translator/Drivers16.3.1 UCN 580416.3.2 L29716.3.3 EDE120416.3.4 SLA7060 and SLA702416.4 Power Driver16.4.1 Unipolar DriversPIC Microcontroller as a DriverULN2803ATIP 12016.4.2 Bipolar Drivers16.4.3 Transistorized H BridgeSnubber Diodes16.4.4 H Bridge ICsL293DL29816.5 Modules in Circuit Schematics16.5.1 Example 16F84 Translator Modules
Chapter 17 – Unipolar Motor Circuits and Programs
17.1 Stepper Motor Control Circuits17.1.1 Stepper Motor Circuit Schematic Conventions17.2 Motor Speed Control17.2.1 Speed Control from Digital Input17.2.2 An a log Input Speed Control17.3 Unipolar Motor Control Circuits17.3.1 Matching Circuit to Motor Power17.3.2 16F84 Unipolar CircuitSample Program SMU_PIC16F84.asm17.3.3 5804 Unipolar CircuitSample Program SMU_5804.asmGenerating the Motor PulsesInterrupt-Driven Motor Pulsing17.3.4 16F686 PIC Circuit17.3.5 16F686 ProgrammingSample Program SMU_PIC16F684.asmSample Program SMU_PIC16F684_INT.asm17.3.6 Stepper Motor Position ControlSample Program SMU_POSITION.asm17.4 Demonstration Programs17.4.1 SMB_297_293D.asm17.4.2 SMU_PIC16F84.asm Program17.4.3 SMU_5804.asm17.4.4 SMU_5804_INT.asm17.4.5 SMU_PIC16F684.asm17.4.6 SMU_PIC16F684_INT.asm17.4.7 SMU_POSITION.asm
Chapter 18 – Constant-Voltage Bipolar Motor Controls
18.1 Unipolar versus Bipolar18.1.1 Bipolar Drive Circuits18.2 Simple, L293 Bipolar Circuit18.2.1 L297- and L293-Based Circuit18.2.2 Minimal L297- and L298-based Circuit18.3 Demonstration Programs18.3.1 SMB_L293D.asm18.3.2 SMB_297_293D.asm18.3.3 SMB_297_298.asm
Chapter 19 – Advanced Motor Controls
19.1 Choppers and Microstepping19.2 Chopper Circuit Fundamentals19.3 L297/298 Chopper Circuit19.3.1 Setting the Reference Voltage19.4 A Chopper-Based Demo Board19.4.1 Motor Circuit Power Requirements19.4.2 Chopper Demo Program19.5 Microstepping19.5.1 Microstepping FundamentalsMicrostepping TheoryPulse Width Modulation (PWM)19.6 Programming PWM19.6.1 CCP Module19.6.2 PWM Circuit and Software19.6.3 Microstepping by PWM19.6.4 Microstepping Sample Program19.7 Microstepping ICs19.7.1 Allegro 3955 IC19.7.2 3955-Based Circuit19.7.3 3955 Motor Driver Program19.8 Demonstration Programs19.8.1 PWM_DEMO_873.asm19.8.2 PIC_Chopper.asm19.8.3 PWM_Micstep.asm19.8.4 PIC873_3955.asm
Chapter 20 – Communications
20.1 PIC Communications Overview20.2 Serial Data Transmission20.2.1 Asynchronous Serial Transmission20.2.2 Synchronous Serial Transmission20.2.3 PIC Serial Communications20.2.4 RS-232-C StandardEssential ConceptsSerial Bit StreamParity TestingConnectors and WiringNull ModemNull Modem Cable20.2.5 EIA-485 StandardEIA-485 in PIC-based Systems20.3 Parallel Data Transmission20.3.1 PIC Parallel Slave Port (PSP)20.4 PIC “Free-Style” Serial Programming20.4.1 PIC-to-PIC Serial CommunicationsPIC-to-PIC Serial Communications CircuitsPIC-to-PIC Serial Communications Programs20.4.2 Program Using Shift Register ICs74HC165 Parallel-to-Serial Shift Register74HC164 Serial-to-Parallel Shift Register20.5 PIC Protocol-Based Serial Programming20.5.1 RS-232-C Communications on the 16F84RS-232-C Transceiver ICPIC-to-PC CommunicationsRS-232-C TTY Board16F84A UART EmulationLCD Scrolling Routine20.5.2 RS-232-C Communications on the 16F87x16F87x USART ModuleUSART Baud Rate Generator16F87x USART Asynchronous Transmitter16F87x USART Asynchronous ReceiverPIC-to-PC RS-232-C Communications Circuit16F877 PIC Initialization CodeUSART Receive and Transmit RoutinesUSART Receive In terrupt20.6 Demonstration Programs20.6.1 SerialSnd Program20.6.2 SerialRcv Program20.6.3 Serial6465 Program20.6.4 TTYUsart Program20.6.5 SerComLCD Program20.6.6 SerIntLCD Program
Appendix A – Resistor Color Codes
Appendix B – Essential Electronics
B.1 AtomB.2 Isotopes and IonsB.3 Static ElectricityB.4 Electrical ChargeB.4.1 VoltageB.4.2 CurrentB.4.3 PowerB.4.4 Ohm’s LawB.5 Electrical CircuitsB.5.1 Types of CircuitsB.6 Circuit ElementsB.6.1 ResistorsB.6.2 Revisiting Ohm’s LawB.6.3 Resistors in Series and ParallelB.6.4 CapacitorsB.6.5 Capacitors in Series and in ParallelB.6.6 InductorsB.6.7 TransformersB.7 SemiconductorsB.7.1 Integrated CircuitsB.7.2 Semiconductor ElectronicsB.7.3 P-Type and N-Type SiliconB.7.4 Diode
Appendix C – Numeric Data
C.1 Numbers in ComputingC.1.1 CountingC.1.2 Tally SystemC.1.3 Roman NumeralsC.2 Origins of the Decimal SystemC.2.1 Number Systems for Digital-ElectronicsC.2.2 Positional CharacteristicsC.2.3 Radix or Base of a Number SystemC.3 Types of NumbersC.3.1 Whole NumbersC.3.2 Signed NumbersC.3.3 Rational, Irrational, and Imaginary NumbersC.4 Radix RepresentationsC.4.1 Decimal versus Binary NumbersC.4.2 Hexa decimal and OctalC.5 Number System ConversionsC.5.1 Binary-to-ASCII-DecimalC.5.2 Binary-to-Hexa decimal ConversionC.5.3 Decimal-to-Binary Conversion
Appendix D – Character Data
D.1 Character RepresentationsD.1.1 Electronic-Digital MachinesD.2 Character RepresentationsD.2.1 ASCIID.2.2 EBCDIC and IBMD.2.3 UnicodeD.3 Storage and Encoding of IntegersD.3.1 Signed and Unsigned RepresentationsD.3.2 Word SizeD.3.3 Byte OrderingD.4.4 Sign-Magnitude RepresentationD.3.5 Radix Complement RepresentationD.4 Encoding of Fractional NumbersD.4.1 Fixed-Point RepresentationsD.4.2 Floating-Point RepresentationsD.4.3 Standardized Floating-Point RepresentationsD.4.4 IEEE 754 Single FormatD.4.5 Encoding and Decoding Floating-Point NumbersD.5 Binary-Coded Decimals (BCD)D.5.1 Floating-Point BCD
Appendix E – Digital Arithmetic and Conversions
E.1 Microcontroller ArithmeticE.2 Unsigned and Two’s Complement ArithmeticE.2.1 Operations on Decimal NumbersE.3 Bit Manipulations and Auxiliary OperationsE.3.1 Bit Shift and RotateE.3.2 Comparison OperationsE.3.3 Other Support OperationsE.4 Un signed Binary ArithmeticE.4.1 Multi-Byte Unsigned AdditionE.4.2 Unsigned MultiplicationE.4.3 Unsigned DivisionE.5 Signed Binary ArithmeticE.5.1 Overflow Detection in Signed ArithmeticE.5.2 Sign Extension OperationsE.5.3 Multi-Byte Signed OperationsE.6 Data Format ConversionsE.6.1 BCD Digits to ASCII DecimalE.6.2 Unsigned Binary to ASCII Decimal DigitsE.6.3 ASCII Decimal String to Unsigned BinaryE.6.4 Unsigned Binary to ASCII Hexadecimal DigitsE.6.5 Signed Numerical Conversions
Appendix F – Mid-Range Instruction Set
Appendix G – Printed Circuit Boards
G.1 IntroductionG.2 Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs)G.3 Parts ListsG.4 Building Your Own Circuit BoardsG.4.1 Tools and MaterialsG.4.2 Single-Sided Demo BoardG.4.3 PCB Images for Demo BoardDrawing the Circuit DiagramPrinting the PCB DiagramSelecting the PaperTransferring the PCB ImageEtching the BoardFinishing the BoardComponent-Side ImageG.5 Caveats
Appendix H – Additional Code
Index

Content preview from Embedded Systems Circuits and Programming

Chapter 13

Analog-to-Digital and Real-Time Clocks

13.1 Clocks and the Digital Revolution

Digits are a human invention; nature does not count or measure using numbers. We measure natural forces and phenomena using digital representations, but the forces and phenomena themselves are continuous. Time, pressure, voltage, current, temperature, humidity, gravitational attraction; all exist as continuous entities that we measure in volts, pounds, hours, amperes, or degrees, so as to better understand them and to be able to perform numerical calculations.

In this sense, natural phenomena occur in analog quantities. Sometimes they are digitized so as to facilitate measurements and manipulations. For example, a potentiometer in an electrical circuit allows ...

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Embedded Systems Circuits and Programming

by Julio Sanchez, Maria P. Canton

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