book

Emerging Technologies and Management of Crop Stress Tolerance

by Parvaiz Ahmad, Saiema Rasool

April 2014

Intermediate to advanced

592 pages

24h 5m

English

Academic Press

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1.1 Introduction1.2 Physiological, cellular, and biochemical mechanisms of abiotic stress in plants1.3 Effects of abiotic stresses on physiological, cellular, and biochemical processes in plants1.4 Conventional breeding technology to induce abiotic stress tolerance in plants1.5 Functional genomics approaches to induce abiotic stress tolerance in plants1.6 Conclusion and future perspectivesAcknowledgmentsReferences
2.1 Introduction2.2 Techniques involved in metabolomics2.3 Metabolomics and nutrigenomics—a link2.4 Applications of metabolomics in crop improvement2.5 Improvement of strawberry quality by metabolomics2.6 Conclusion and future prospectsReferences

3.1 Introduction3.2 Transcription factors activate stress responsive genes3.3 APETALA 2/ethylene-responsive element-binding factor3.4 The MYC/MYB transcriptional factors3.5 NAC transcriptional factors3.6 WRKY transcriptional factors3.7 CYS2HIS2 zinc-finger (C2H2 ZF) TFs3.8 Conclusion and future perspectivesReferences
4.1 Introduction4.2 Causes of freezing injury4.3 Freezing-tolerance mechanisms4.4 Antioxidant defense under cold stress4.5 Cold signal transducers4.6 Conclusion and future prospectsReferences
5.1 Introduction5.2 Overexpression of genes for transcriptional regulation5.3 Overexpression of genes for osmoprotectants5.4 Engineering of ion transport5.5 Overexpression of genes for stress signaling5.6 Quenching of reactive oxygen species5.7 Conclusion and future perspectivesReferences
6.1 Introduction6.2 Bacillus thuringiensis6.3 Transformation of crops with Bt genes6.4 Molecular analyses of putative transgenic plants6.5 Greenhouse and field experiments6.6 Biosafety and risk assessment studies6.7 Conclusion and future prospectsAcknowledgmentsReferences
7.1 Introduction7.2 Stresses caused by climatic changes7.3 Modern tools for enhancing crop adaptation7.4 Conclusion and future prospectsReferences
8.1 Introduction8.2 Classification of nanoparticles8.3 Applications of NPs8.4 Plant–nanoparticle interactions: yet to reach “the state of art”8.5 Mode of nanoparticle internalization by plants8.6 Influence of nanoparticles as growth promoters in plants8.7 Influence of NPs as biological control in plants8.8 Conclusion and future perspectivesAcknowledgmentsReferences
9.1 Introduction: miRNA as a significant player in gene regulation9.2 Mechanisms of miRNA biogenesis and function9.3 miRNA-mediated functions in plants9.4 Genome-wide miRNA profiling under abiotic stresses9.5 Involvement of miRNAs in plant stresses9.6 Overexpression of miRNAs to resolve their functions in abiotic stresses in plants9.7 Innovative approaches for elucidating gene function9.8 Conclusion and future prospectsReferences
10.1 Introduction10.2 Elements of RNAi10.3 Mode of action10.4 RNAi under environmental stresses10.5 Conclusion and future prospectsReferences
11.1 Introduction11.2 Osmotic balance during the action of unfavorable environmental factors11.3 Compatible osmolytes and physiology of resistance11.4 Conclusion and future prospectsReferences
12.1 Introduction12.2 Glucosinolate structure, isolation, and analysis12.3 Biosynthesis of glucosinolates12.4 Role of glucosinolates in stress alleviation12.5 Genes involved in glucosinolate biosynthesis12.6 Gene expression profiling in response to environmental cues12.7 Signaling networks12.8 Metabolic engineering of glucosinolates12.9 Conclusion and future prospectsReferences
13.1 Introduction13.2 Iron deficiency in soils13.3 Soil factors influencing Fe availability and uptake13.4 Physiological roles and symptoms of Fe deficiency in plants13.5 Physiological mechanisms and adaptation strategies of plants under Fe deficiency conditions13.6 Manganese deficiency in soils13.7 Soil factors influencing Mn availability13.8 Physiological roles and symptoms of Mn deficiency in plants13.9 Physiological mechanisms and adaptation strategies of plants under Mn deficiency conditions13.10 Zinc deficiency in soils13.11 Soil factors influencing Zn availability13.12 Physiological roles and symptoms of Zn deficiency in plants13.13 Physiological mechanisms and adaptation strategies of plants under Zn deficiency conditions13.14 Conclusion and future perspectivesReferences
14.1 Introduction14.2 Plant responses to environmental stress14.3 Alleviation of environmental stress by trace elements14.4 Effects of beneficial elements on plant stress responses14.5 Conclusion and future prospectsReferences
15.1 Introduction15.2 Main environmental features of the savannas of the Orinoco basin15.3 Nutritional stresses in well-drained savannas—nitrogen as a limiting element15.4 Nutritional stresses in well-drained savannas—phosphorus as a limiting element15.5 Strategies that are used by native savanna plants to enhance nitrogen and phosphorus conservation and uptake15.6 Conclusion and future prospectsAcknowledgmentsReferences
16.1 Introduction16.2 Silicon uptake and transport in plants16.3 Selenium uptake and metabolism in plants16.4 Involvement of silicon and selenium in plant growth, development, and physiology16.5 Effect of silicon and selenium in improving yield of crop plants16.6 Protective roles of silicon and selenium under abiotic stress16.7 Conclusion and future prospectsAcknowledgmentsReferences
17.1 Introduction17.2 Global pesticide use17.3 Why pesticide-/herbicide-tolerant plants?17.4 Mechanisms of Herbicide/pesticide tolerance in plants17.5 The selection process of tolerant plants17.6 Conclusion and future prospectsReferences
18.1 Introduction18.2 General aspects of the characteristics of humic materials and their functions18.3 Use of humic materials for sustainable plant production18.4 Conclusion and future prospectsReferences
19.1 Introduction19.2 Impacts of climate change on vegetable production systems in Brazil19.3 Harvest and post-harvest19.4 Effects of temperature19.5 Effects of carbon dioxide exposure19.6 Effects of ozone exposure19.7 Conclusion and future prospectsReferences
Abstract20.1 Introduction20.2 Molecular basis of the circadian clock function in plants20.3 Molecular basis of the interaction between the clock components and cold response20.4 Crosstalk between the circadian clock and ABA transcriptional networks20.5 Light inputs to the clock20.6 Relationships between ROS transcriptional network and the circadian timekeeping system20.7 Contribution of cellular metabolism to circadian network20.8 Conclusion and future perspectivesReferences
21.1 Introduction21.2 Methodology21.3 Results and discussion21.4 Conclusion and future prospectsReferences

Content preview from Emerging Technologies and Management of Crop Stress Tolerance

Chapter 6

Bt Crops

A Sustainable Approach towards Biotic Stress Tolerance

Mahmood-ur-Rahman, Muhammad Qasim, Shazia Anwar Bukhari and Tayyaba Shaheen

Insect pests are the main sources of biotic stress on crops. There are hundreds of insects that can cause serious damage to crops and are controlled by chemical pesticides, which are the main sources of pollution and cause the development and progression of a number of health problems in humans and animals. Because of these problems, scientists are always searching for alternative ways to control pests that impair sustained agriculture. Over a century ago, it was discovered that the Bacillus thuringiensis possesses insecticidal activity. Subsequently, several genes were identified that are insect ...