book

Engineering Chemistry

by K. Sesha Maheswaramma

June 2016

Beginner to intermediate

800 pages

22h 19m

English

Pearson Education India

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1.1 Introduction1.2 Sources of Water1.3 Types of Impurities Present in Water1.4 Hard Water and Hardness1.5 Determination of Hardness1.6 Dissolved Oxygen (DO)1.7 Determination of Chlorides in Water1.8 Determination of Acidity in Water1.9 Alkalinity of Water1.10 Disadvantages of Hard Water1.11 Quality of Water for Domestic Use1.12 Treatment of Water for Domestic Use1.13 Break-Point Chlorination1.14 Boilers and Boiler Troubles1.15 Softening of Water1.16 Desalination1.17 Review QuestionsFill in the BlanksMultiple-choice QuestionsShort Answer QuestionsDescriptive QuestionsProblems for Practice
2.1 Introduction2.2 Degree of Polymerisation2.3 Classification of Polymers2.3.1 Classification Based on Source2.3.2 Classification Based on Composition2.3.3 Classification Based on Chemical Composition2.3.4 Classification Based on Structure2.3.5 Classification Based on Mode of Polymerisation2.3.6 Classification Based on the Molecular Forces2.3.7 Classification Based on Tacticity2.4 Types of Polymerization2.4.1 Condensation Polymerisation or Step Polymerisation2.4.2 Addition/Vinyl/Chain Polymerisation2.4.3 Coordination Polymerisation2.5 Molecular Mass of a Polymer2.6 Plastics2.7 Important Polymers—Composition, Preparation, Properties and Engineering Uses2.7.1 Thermoplastics2.7.2 Thermosetting Plastics2.8 Rubber (Elastomers)2.8.1 Processing of Natural Rubber2.8.2 Gutta–Percha2.8.3 Vulcanisation of Rubber2.8.4 Compounding of Rubber2.8.5 Synthetic Rubbers or Artificial Rubber2.8.6 Important Artificial Rubbers2.9 Reinforced or Filled Plastics2.9.1 Composition2.9.2 Nature of Polymers Used2.9.3 Application of Filled Plastics (Reinforced Plastics)2.10 Biopolymers2.10.1 Major Feed Stocks for Biopolymers2.10.2 Preparation Methods2.10.3 Important Biodegradable Polymers2.10.4 Importance of Biopolymers in Sustainable Development2.11 Conducting Polymers2.11.1 Intrinsically Conducting Polymer (ICP) or Conjugated π-Electrons Conducting Polymer2.11.2 Conducting Polyaniline2.11.3 Extrinsically Conducting Polymers2.12 Polyphosphazenes/Phosphonitrilic Polymers2.13 Composites2.13.1 Constituents of Composites2.13.2 Classification of Composites2.13.3 Advantages of Composites over Conventional Materials2.13.4 Applications of Composites2.14 Review QuestionsFill in the BlanksMultiple-choice QuestionsShort Answer QuestionsDescriptive Questions
3.1 Introduction3.2 Classification of Fuels3.3 Units of Heat3.4 Calorific Value3.5 Determination of Calorific Value3.5.1 Bomb Calorimeter3.5.2 Junker’s Calorimeter3.6 Characteristics of Good Fuel3.7 Solid Fuels3.7.1 Coal3.7.2 Analysis of Coal3.7.3 Metallurgical Coke3.7.4 Manufacture of Metallurgical Coke3.8 Liquid Fuels3.8.1 Petroleum Refining3.8.2 Important Petroleum Products and their Uses3.9 Synthetic Petrol3.9.1 Cracking3.9.2 Fischer–Trapsch Method3.9.3 Bergius Method3.10 Power Alcohol3.10.1 Manufacture of Power Alcohol3.11 Knocking3.12 Diesel Engine, Cetane and Octane Number3.13 Gaseous Fuels3.13.1 Natural Gas3.13.2 Producer Gas (or) Suction Gas3.13.3 Water Gas (or) Blue Gas3.13.4 Coal Gas3.13.5 Biogas3.14 Flue Gas Analysis by Orsats Apparatus3.15 Review QuestionsFill in the BlanksMultiple-choice QuestionsShort Answer QuestionsDescriptive Questions
4.1 Introduction4.1.1 Conventional or Traditional Energy Resources4.1.2 Nonconventional Energy Resources or Renewable Energy Sources4.1.3 Alternative Energy4.2 Non-Conventional Energy Sources and Storage Devices4.2.1 Solar Energy4.2.2 Wind Energy4.2.3 Geothermal Energy4.2.4 Water Power4.2.5 Biomass4.2.6 Nuclear Energy4.2.7 Nuclear Reactions4.3 Review QuestionsFill in the BlanksMultiple-choice QuestionsShort Answer QuestionsDescriptive Questions

5.1 Introduction5.2 Electrolysis5.2.1 Laws of Electrolysis5.3 Electrolytic Conduction5.3.1 Factors Affecting Electrolytic Conduction5.3.2 Electrical Resistance and Conductance5.3.3 Specific, Equivalent and Molar Conductivities5.3.4 Equivalent Conductivity5.3.5 Molar Conductivity5.3.6 Measurement of Electrolytic Conductance5.3.7 Variation of Conductivity with Concentration5.3.8 Conductance Behaviour of Strong Electrolyte5.3.9 Conductance Behaviour of Weak Electrolyte5.4 Kohlrausch’s Law of Independent Migration of Ions5.5 Conductometric Titrations5.6 Electrochemical Cells5.7 Types of Electrodes5.8 Reference Electrode5.9 Ion Selective Electrodes (ISE)5.9.1 Electrochemical Circuit and Working of ISE5.9.2 Types of Ion – Selective Membranes 5.9.3 Applications of Ion Selective Electrodes 5.10 Glass Electrode5.10.1 Construction of Glass Electrode5.11 Concentration Cell5.12 Potentiometric Titrations5.13 Electrochemical Sensors5.13.1 Potentiometric Sensor5.13.2 Analysis of Glucose in Blood5.13.3 Analysis of Urea5.14 Voltammetry5.14.1 Linear Sweep Voltammetry (LSV)5.14.2 Ferric Fe3+/Fe2+ System 5.14.3 Cyclic Voltammetry5.14.4 Applications of Voltammetry5.15 Batteries5.15.1 Advantages of Batteries5.15.2 Disadvantages of Batteries5.16 Review QuestionsFill in the BlanksMultiple-choice QuestionsShort Answer QuestionsSolved Numerical ProblemsDescriptive QuestionsProblems for Practice
6.1 Introduction6.1.1 Causes of Corrosion6.1.2 Types of Corrosion6.2 Galvanic Series6.2.1 Factors Affecting Corrosion6.3 Protection from Corrosion (Preventive Measures for Corrosion Control)6.4 Review QuestionsFill in the BlanksMultiple-choice QuestionsShort Answer QuestionsDescriptive Questions
7.1 Semiconducting and Super Conducting Materials7.1.1 Semiconductor 7.1.2 Applications of Semiconductors7.1.3 Superconductors7.2 Magnetic Materials7.2.1 General Properties of Magnetic Materials7.2.2 Classification of Magnetic Materials7.2.3 Applications of Magnetic Materials7.3 Cement7.3.1 Classification of Cement7.3.2 Raw Materials used in the Manufacture of Portland Cement7.3.3 Manufacture of Portland Cement7.3.4 Chemical Composition of Portland Cement and its Importance7.3.5 Setting and Hardening of Cement7.3.6 ISI Specifications of Cement7.3.7 Analysis of Cement7.3.8 Plaster of Paris/Gypsum Plaster7.4 Refractories7.4.1 Characteristics of Good Refractory Materials7.4.2 Failures of Refractory Materials7.4.3 Classification of Refractories7.4.4 Properties of Refractories7.4.5 Manufacture of High-Alumina Bricks, Magnesite Bricks and Zirconia Bricks7.5 Lubricants7.5.1 Important Functions of Lubricants7.5.2 Mechanism of Lubrication7.5.3 Classification of Lubricants7.5.4 Properties of Lubricants7.5.5 Redwood Viscometer7.5.6 Engler’s Viscometer7.5.7 Saybolt Viscometer7.5.8 U-Tube Viscometer7.5.9 Conversion of Redwood, Engler and Saybolt Viscosities into Absolute Units7.6 Explosives and Propellants7.6.1 Some Important Terms about Explosives7.6.2 Classification of Explosives7.6.3 Precautions during Storage of Explosives7.6.4 Blasting Fuses7.6.5 Important Explosives and their Preparation7.6.6 Rocket Propellants7.6.7 Characteristics of a Good Propellant7.6.8 Classifications of Propellants7.7 Nanomaterials7.7.1 Synthesis of Nanomaterials7.7.2 Characterisation7.7.3 Importance7.7.4 Broad Classification of Nanomaterials7.7.5 Fullerenes7.7.6 Types of Fullerenes7.7.7 Properties of Nanomaterials7.7.8 Applications of Nanomaterials7.8 Liquid Crystals7.8.1 Characteristics of Liquid Crystal Phase7.8.2 Classification of Liquid Crystals7.8.3 Thermotropic Liquid Crystals7.8.4 Lyotropic Liquid Crystals7.8.5 Chemical Properties of Liquid Crystals7.8.6 Applications of Liquid Crystals7.9 Abrasives7.9.1 Hardness of Abrasive7.9.2 Natural Abrasives7.9.3 Artificial Abrasives 7.10 Review QuestionsFill in the BlanksMultiple-choice questionsShort Answer QuestionsDescriptive Questions
8.1 Introduction8.2 Explanation of the Terms Involved in Phase Equilibria8.2.1 Phase (P)8.2.2 Components (C)8.2.3 Degree of Freedom (F)8.2.4 True and Metastable Equilibrium8.2.5 Eutectic Mixture and Eutectic Point8.2.6 Triple Point8.3 Phase Rule8.3.1 Assumptions for the Validation of Phase Rule8.3.2 Thermodynamic Derivation of the Phase Rule8.3.3 Utility of Phase Rule | Application of Phase Rule8.3.4 Limitations of Phase Rule8.4 Phase Diagrams8.5 One Component System8.6 Two Component System8.6.1 Eutectic System8.6.2 Lead (Pb) – Silver (Ag) System8.7 Heat Treatment of Steel8.8 Review QuestionsFill in the BlanksMultiple-choice QuestionsShort Answer QuestionsSolved Numerical ProblemsDescriptive Questions
9.1 Introduction9.2 Light Source in Photochemistry9.3 Laws of Photochemistry 9.3.1 Grotthuss–Draper Law or The First Law of Photochemistry 9.3.2 Stark-Einstein Law or Photochemical Equivalence Law9.3.3 Beer-Lambert Law9.4 Photophysical and Chemical Processes 9.4.1 Photophysical Process9.4.2 Photochemical Process 9.5 Quantum Yield and Quantum Efficiency 9.6 Photosensitisation 9.7 Photodynamic Therapy9.8 Important Photochemical Reactions9.9 Review QuestionsFill in the BlanksMultiple-choice QuestionsShort Answer QuestionsDescriptive Questions
10.1 Introduction10.2 Adsorption10.2.1 Mechanism of Adsorption10.2.2 Adsorption is Exothermic10.2.3 Difference between Adsorption and Absorption10.2.4 Examples of Adsorption, Absorption, and Sorption10.2.5 Positive and Negative Adsorptions10.2.6 Classification of Adsorption10.2.7 Factors Affecting the Adsorption of Gases by Solids10.2.8 Adsorption Isotherms10.2.9 Applications of Adsorption10.3 Colloidal State10.3.1 Types of Solution10.3.2 Classification of Colloids10.3.3 Properties of Colloidal Solutions10.3.4 Applications of Colloids10.4 Review QuestionsFill in the BlanksMultiple-choice QuestionsShort Answer QuestionsLong Answer Questions
11.1 Introduction11.1.1 Thermodynamic Terms and Basic Concepts11.2 Types of Thermodynamic Systems11.2.1 Isolated System11.2.2 Closed System11.2.3 Open System11.3 Intensive and Extensive Properties11.3.1 Intensive Property11.3.2 Extensive Property11.3.3 State Variables11.4 Reversible and Irreversible Process11.4.1 Reversible Process11.4.2 Irreversible Process11.4.3 Thermodynamic Processes11.4.4 Isothermal Process or Isothermal Change11.4.5 Indicator Diagram11.4.6 Work Done by a System in an Adiabatic Process11.4.7 First Law of Thermodynamics and its Application11.4.8 Second Law of Thermodynamics11.4.9 Carnot’s Engine, Efficiency11.4.10 Working of Carnot’s Engine11.4.11 Absolute Zero11.4.12 Numerical Problems Based on Carnot’s Cycle11.4.13 Solved Numerical Problems Based on Isothermal and Adiabatic Process11.5 Thermodynamic Potentials and Maxwell Equations11.5.1 Thermodynamic Potential11.5.2 Internal Energy (U)11.5.3 Total Heat Function (H)11.5.4 Helmholtz Function (F)11.5.5 Gibb’s Free Energy or Gibb’s Function (G)11.5.6 Maxwell’s Equations11.5.7 Clausius–Clapeyron Equation11.5.8 Derivation of the Stefan–Boltzmann Law using Maxwell’s Equations11.5.9 Joule–Thomson Effect or Joule–Kelvin Effect11.6 Review QuestionsFill in the BlanksMultiple-choice Questions Short Answer QuestionsDescriptive Questions
12.1 Introduction12.2 Essential Elements12.2.1 Bulk Elements12.2.2 Macrominerals12.2.3 Micro Elements (Trace Elements)12.3 Non-Essential Elements12.4 Important Metals in Biological Systems12.4.1 Haemoglobin12.4.2 Myoglobin12.4.3 Vitamin B1212.4.4 Chlorophyll12.5 Metals and their Toxicity12.5.1 Toxicity of Arsenic12.5.2 Toxicity of Lead12.5.3 Toxicity of Mercury12.6 Review QuestionsFill in the BlanksMultiple-choice QuestionsShort Answer QuestionsDescriptive Questions
13.1 Introduction13.1.1 Organometallic Chemistry Timeline13.2 Organolithium Compounds13.2.1 Preparation of Organolithium Compounds13.2.2 Properties of Organolithium Compounds13.3 Organomagnesium Compounds13.3.1 Preparation of Organomagnesium Compounds13.3.2 Properties of Organomagnesium Compounds13.4 Metal Carbonyls13.4.1 Ligand13.4.2 Effective Atomic Number13.4.3 Preparation of Carbonyls13.4.4 Properties of Carbonyls13.4.5 Structure of Carbonyls13.5 Review QuestionsFill in the BlanksMultiple-choice QuestionsShort Answer QuestionsDescriptive Questions
14.1 Introduction14.2 Basic Requirements to Formation of Coordination Compound14.3 Nomenclature of Metal Complexes14.3.1 Cationic Complex14.3.2 Anionic Complex 14.3.3 Nonionic Complexes14.3.4 Polynuclear Complex14.3.5 Complex with Metal-Metal Bond14.4 Theories of Coordination Chemistry14.4.1 Werner’s Theory14.4.2 Sidgwick’s Electronic Concept Theory14.4.3 Valance Bond Theory14.4.4 Crystal Field Theory14.4.5 Common Single Atomic Ligands and their Field Strength14.4.6 Molecular Orbital Theory of Coordination Complexes14.5 Factors Affecting the Stability of Coordination Compounds14.6 Determination of Complex Ion Formation14.7 Stability of Coordination Compounds14.8 Applications of Coordination Compounds14.9 Review QuestionsFill in the BlanksMultiple-choice QuestionsShort Answer QuestionsDescriptive Questions
15.1 Introduction15.2 Hybridisation15.2.1 Salient Features of Hybridisation15.2.2 Important Conditions for Hybridisation15.2.3 Types of Hybridisation15.3 Bond Polarisation15.3.1 Electron Displacement in Covalent Bonds15.4 Reaction Intermediates15.4.1 Free Radicals15.4.2 Carbocations or Carbonium Ions15.4.3 Carbanions15.4.4 Carbenes15.4.5 Nitrenes or Imidogens15.4.6 Benzynes15.5 Molecular Orbital Theory15.5.1 Important Points on Molecular Orbital Diagrams15.5.2 Fundamental Steps for Constructing Molecular Orbitals15.5.3 Five Basic Rules of Molecular Orbital Theory15.5.4 Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals and Type of Atomic Orbitals15.5.5 Molecular Orbital Energy Level Diagrams of Homo Atomic Molecules15.5.6 Molecular Energy Level Diagrams of Hetero Atomic Molecules15.6 Review QuestionsFill in the BlanksMultiple-choice QuestionsShort Answer QuestionsDescriptive Questions
16.1 Introduction16.2 Isomerism16.2.1 Structural Isomerism16.2.2 Space or Stereoisomerism16.3 Classification of Structural Isomerism16.3.1 Chain or Nuclear Isomerism16.3.2 Position Isomerism16.3.3 Ring or Chain Isomerism16.3.4 Functional Group Isomerism16.3.5 Metamerism16.3.6 Tautomerism16.4 Classification of Stereoisomerism16.4.1 Geometrical Isomerism16.4.2 Optical Isomerism16.4.3 Conformational Isomers16.4.4 R–S Nomenclature or CIP Nomenclature16.4.5 E–Z Nomenclature16.5 Molecular Representation16.5.1 Wedge and Dash Projections16.5.2 Fisher Projections16.5.3 Sawhorse Representation16.5.4 Newman Representation16.6 Molecular Isomerism16.7 Review QuestionsFill in the BlanksMultiple-choice QuestionsShort Answer QuestionsDescriptive Questions
17.1 Introduction17.2 Ultra Violet and Visible Spectroscopy17.2.1 Principle17.2.2 Instrumentation17.2.3 Instrumental Design17.2.4 Electronic Transitions17.2.5 Chromophores17.2.6 Auxochrome17.2.7 Woodward–Fieser Rules17.2.8 Factors Affecting the Position of the λ Maximum and Intensity of Radiation17.2.9 Franck-Condon Principle17.2.10 Solved Problems Based on UV-Vis Spectroscopy17.2.11 Applications of UV-Visible Spectroscopy17.3 IR-Spectroscopy17.3.1 Basic Principle17.3.2 Instrumentation17.3.3 Molecular Vibrations17.3.4 Factors Affecting Vibrational Frequency17.3.5 Degrees of Freedom17.3.6 Solved Problems Based on IR Spectra 17.3.7 Applications of IR Spectroscopy17.4 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy17.4.1 Principle17.4.2 Instrumentation17.4.3 Chemical Shift17.4.4 Spin-Spin Splitting, Spin-Spin Interaction, Spin–Spin Coupling or Fine Spectrum17.4.5 Magnetic Resonance Imaging17.4.6 High Resolution Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy17.4.7 NMR Applications17.4.8 Solved Problems Based on Proton NMR17.5 Review QuestionsFill in the BlanksMultiple-choice QuestionsShort Answer QuestionsDescriptive Questions
18.1 Introduction18.2 Thermogravimetric Analysis18.2.1 Principle of TGA18.2.2 Applications of TGA18.3 Differential Thermal Analysis18.3.1 Principle of DTA 18.4 Review QuestionsFill in the BlanksMultiple-choice QuestionsShort Answer QuestionsDescriptive Questions
19.1 Introduction19.1.1 Chromatography Timeline19.2 Classification of Chromatography19.2.1 Classification Based on Mobile Phase19.2.2 Classification Based on Attractive Forces19.2.3 Classification Based on Partition of Relative Solubility of Analyte in Mobile and Stationary Phase19.2.4 Chromatographic Techniques on the Type of Support Material Used in the System19.3 Types of Chromatography19.3.1 Gas-Liquid-Chromatography19.4 Chromatography Theory19.4.1 Distribution Coefficient or Partition Coefficient (K)19.4.2 Retention Time (tR)19.4.3 Retention Volume (VR)19.4.4 Plate Theory19.5 High Performance Liquid Chromatography19.5.1 Instrumentation19.5.2 Theory of High Performance Liquid Chromatography19.6 Review QuestionsFill in the BlanksMultiple-choice QuestionsShort Answer QuestionsDescriptive Questions
20.1 Introduction20.1.1 Crystal Structure20.2 Crystal Systems20.2.1 Laws of Crystallography20.3 Crystal Defects20.3.1 Stoichiometric Defect20.3.2 Non-stoichiometric Defect20.4 X-Ray Diffraction20.4.1 Introduction20.4.2 Principle20.4.3 X-ray Diffraction of Crystals and Bragg’s Equation20.4.4 Determination of Crystal Structure with Bragg’s Equation 20.4.5 X-ray Diffraction Methods20.4.6 Instrumentation of X-ray20.5 Application of X-ray Diffraction20.6 Review QuestionsFill in the BlanksMultiple-choice QuestionsShort Answer QuestionsDescriptive Questions
21.1 Introduction21.2 Twelve Principles of Green Chemistry21.3 Importance of Green Synthesis21.3.1 Methods for Green Synthesis21.3.2 Applications of Green Synthesis21.4 Greenhouse Concepts21.4.1 Types of Greenhouse21.5 Greenhouse Gases and Greenhouse Effect21.5.1 Natural Greenhouse Effect21.5.2 Enhanced Greenhouse Effect21.5.3 Greenhouse Gas Effect21.5.4 Requirements for Greenhouse21.6 Carbon Sequestration21.6.1 Importance of Carbon Sequestration21.7 Why Carbon Dioxide is a Major Problem21.8 Review QuestionsFill in the BlanksMultiple-choice QuestionsShort answer QuestionsDescriptive Questions

Overview

Designed for the course on Engineering Chemistry offered to first year undergraduate students of engineering, this book aims to strengthen fundamental concepts and highlight the applications of chemistry in the field of engineering. Written in a simple and lucid manner, this book covers a broad spectrum of topics including water technology, alternate energy resources, science of corrosion and green chemistry. It also includes a large number of end-of-chapter exercises, which test student understanding and are also a valuable resource from the examination point of view.