July 2026
Intermediate
729 pages
33h 9m
English
Content preview from Ethical Hacking
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7.3 The XOR Operation
The XOR operation is a binary logical operation that is applied to two bits. Table 7.6 shows how the operation works.
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Table 7.6 How the XOR Operation Works
The result is 1 if exactly one of the two bits is 1; otherwise, the result is 0. This operation is also referred to as exclusive OR. This is because, in contrast to the OR operation (see Table 7.7), the result is not 1 if both bits are 1.
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Table 7.7 How the OR Operation Works
The XOR operation has mathematical properties that are particularly useful in cryptography. These are listed in Table 7.8.
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Property |
Formal Representation |
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Involutivity |
A ⊕ B ⊕ B ... |
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