1.1. Raising the Level of Abstraction
The history of software development is a history of raising the level of abstraction. Our industry used to build systems by soldering wires together to form hard-wired programs. Machine code allowed us to store programs by manipulating switches to enter each instruction. Data was stored on drums whose rotation time had to be taken into account so that the head would be able to read the next instruction at exactly the right time. Later, assemblers took on the tedious task of generating sequences of ones and zeroes from a set of mnemonics designed for each hardware platform.
Later, programming languages, such as FORTRAN, were born and “formula translation” became a reality. Standards for COBOL and C enabled ...
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