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Green Organic Chemistry and its Interdisciplinary Applications

Name: Green Organic Chemistry and its Interdisciplinary Applications
Author: Vera M. Kolb
ISBN: 9781315354576

by Vera M. Kolb

April 2017

Intermediate to advanced

193 pages

5h 53m

English

CRC Press

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Preface
Acknowledgments
Author
Chapter 1 Introduction to Green Chemistry
Learning Objectives1.1 A Brief History of Green Chemistry1.1.1 Historical Setting for the Emergence of Green Chemistry1.1.2 Emergence and Establishment of Green Chemistry1.2 Some Common Descriptions of Green Chemistry1.3 Innovative Aspects of Green ChemistryReview QuestionsAnswers to Review QuestionsReferences
Chapter 2 Twelve Principles of Green Chemistry
Learning Objectives2.1 Introduction2.2 The 12 Principles of Green Chemistry2.2.1 Principle 1: Waste Prevention2.2.2 Principle 2: Atom Economy2.2.3 Principle 3: Safer Syntheses2.2.4 Principle 4: Safer Products2.2.5 Principle 5: Safer Auxiliaries2.2.6 Principle 6: Energy Efficiency2.2.7 Principle 7: Renewable Feedstocks2.2.8 Principle 8: Derivative Reduction2.2.9 Principle 9: Catalysis2.2.10 Principle 10: Degradability2.2.11 Principle 11: Pollution Prevention2.2.12 Principle 12: Accident PreventionReview QuestionsAnswers to Review QuestionsReferences
Chapter 3 Innovative Aspects of Green Chemistry
Learning Objectives3.1 About Innovation In General And In Green Chemistry3.2 About Thinking in General and for Green Chemistry Innovations3.2.1 Deductive Thinking3.2.2 Inductive Thinking3.2.3 Critical Thinking3.2.4 Linear and Nonlinear Thinking3.2.5 Lateral and Vertical Thinking3.2.6 Complex Thinking3.2.7 Conclusion about Thinking that is Suitable for Green Chemistry3.3 Examples of Innovations in Green Chemistry3.3.1 Reactions in Water3.3.2 Reactions in Superheated Water3.3.3 Reactions In Water In Nanomicelles3.3.4 Design of Halogen-Free Firefighting Foam3.3.5 Sources of Examples Of Innovation in Green ChemistryReview QuestionsAnswers to Review QuestionsReferences
Chapter 4 Green Organic Reactions “on Water”
Learning Objectives4.1 Types of Reactions in Aqueous Medium and Associated Nomenclature4.2 Examples of On-Water Reactions4.2.1 Diels–Alder Reaction4.2.2 Passerini Reaction4.2.3 A Sampler of Other “On-Water” ReactionsReview QuestionsAnswers to Review QuestionsReferences
Chapter 5 Green Organic Reactions in Superheated Water
Learning Objectives5.1 About Water: A Brief Review5.1.1 Fundamental Properties of Water5.1.2 Phase Diagram of Water and Associated Terms and Definitions5.2 Superheated Water as a Green Reaction Medium5.2.1 Properties of Superheated Water5.2.2 Innovative Aspects of Using Superheated Water as a Green Reaction Medium5.3 Organic Reactions in Superheated Water: An OverviewReview QuestionsAnswers To Review QuestionsReferences
Chapter 6 Green “Solventless” Organic Reactions
Learning Objectives6.1 Another Green Chemistry Paradigm Shift: Organic Reactions May Not Need a Solvent to Occur6.2 Definition of Solventless Reactions and Related Nomenclature6.3 Solventless Reactions Based on the Melting Behavior of Reaction Mixtures: Innovative Aspects of this Method6.4 A New Look at the Familiar Concepts of Melting Point and Eutectic Point, and their Relevant Phase Diagrams6.5 Green Chemistry Challenges with Respect to Solventless Reactions6.6 Examples of Solventless ReactionsReview QuestionsAnswers to Review QuestionsReferences
Chapter 7 Green Organic Reactions in the Solid State
Learning Objectives7.1 Solid-State Reactions Other than those that Occur via the Melted State7.2 Solid-State Photochemical Reactions7.3 Microwave-Assisted Solid-State Reactions7.4 Rearrangement Reactions in the Solid State7.5 Synthetic Scope of Solid-State ReactionsReview QuestionsAnswers to Review QuestionsReferences

Chapter 8 Applications of Green Chemistry Principles in Engineering Introduction to Sustainability
Learning Objectives8.1 Engineering and its Branches8.2 Green Engineering and its 12 Principles8.2.1 Principle 1: Inherent Rather than Circumstantial8.2.2 Principle 2: Prevention Instead of Treatment8.2.3 Principle 3: Design for Separation8.2.4 Principle 4: Maximize Efficiency8.2.5 Principle 5: Output-Pulled Versus Input-Pushed8.2.6 Principle 6: Conserve Complexity8.2.7 Principle 7: Durability Rather than Immortality8.2.8 Principle 8: Meet Need, Minimize Excess8.2.9 Principle 9: Minimize Material Diversity8.2.10 Principle 10: Integrate Local Material and Energy Flows8.2.11 Principle 11: Design for Commercial “Afterlife”8.2.12 Principle 12: Renewable Rather than Depleting8.3 Comparison of Principles of Green Chemistry and Green Engineering8.4 Sustainability as Related to Green Engineering8.4.1 The Natural Step8.4.2 Biomimicry8.4.3 Cradle to Cradle8.5 Types of Thinking Useful in Green Engineering: Systems and Holistic Thinking8.5 ConclusionsReview QuestionsAnswers to Review QuestionsReferences
Chapter 9 Chemical Industry and Its Greening An Overview of Metrics
Learning Objectives9.1 Introduction: Scope of Chemical Industry and the Objectives of this Chapter9.2 Products of Polymer Industry9.3 Types of Polymers Affect Polymer Properties9.4 Greening of the Chemical Industry9.4.1 Greening the Industrial Production of Polycarbonates9.4.2 Greening Raw Materials for Chemical Industry9.4.3 Enzymes as Green Catalysts9.5 Green Chemistry Metrics9.5 SummaryReview QuestionsAnswers To Review QuestionsReferences
Chapter 10 Applications of Green Chemistry Principles in the Pharmaceutical Industry
Learning Objectives10.1 Introduction to the Pharmaceutical Industry10.2 Pharmaceutical Industry Often has Difficulties in Meeting Green Chemistry Goals10.2.1 Synthesis of Phloroglucinol, A Pharmaceutical Intermediate, is Not Green on Multiple Accounts10.2.2 Requirements for Selectivity in Synthesis of Pharmaceuticals Often Result In Unfavorable Green Chemistry Metrics10.3 Greening of the Pharmaceutical Industry10.3.1 Greening the Synthesis of Rabeprazole, An Antiulcer Drug10.3.2 Two Green Syntheses of L-3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine, A Drug for Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease10.3.3 Some Other Examples of Greening of Pharmaceutical ProcessesReview QuestionsAnswers to Review QuestionsReferences
Chapter 11 Applications of Green Chemistry Principles in Analytical Chemistry
Learning Objectives11.1 Application of the 12 Principles of Green Chemistry to Analytical Chemistry11.2 Green Analytical Chemistry and its Specialized Green Principles11.3 Greening of Analytical Chemistry11.3.1 Greening of Preparative Chromatography11.3.2 Use of Plant Extracts for Metal Ion Determination11.3.3 Green Choices of Instruments by Energy Consumption11.4 SummaryReview QuestionsAnswers To Review QuestionsReferences
Chapter 12 Application of Green Chemistry Principles in Environmental Chemistry
Learning Objectives12.1 Brief Overview of the Objectives of Environmental Chemistry12.2 Relationship Between Environmental and Green Chemistry12.3 Pharmaceuticals as Emerging Environmental Pollutants12.4 Development of Ecofriendly Chemicals in Response to the Findings of Environmental ChemistryReview QuestionsAnswers to Review QuestionsReferences
Chapter 13 Greening Undergraduate Organic Laboratory Experiments
Learning Objectives13.1 Brief Survey of the Literature on Green Organic Laboratory Experiments13.2 Selected Methods of Greening Organic Laboratory ExperimentsReview QuestionsAnswers to Review QuestionsReferences
Index

Content preview from Green Organic Chemistry and its Interdisciplinary Applications

4Green Organic Reactions “on Water”

… the major real reason to pursue water as a solvent is that the hydrophobic effect leads to such remarkable new chemistry not otherwise achievable.

Ronald Breslow (2010)

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

The learning objectives for this chapter are as follows.

Learning Objectives	Section Numbers
Learn about different types of reactions in the aqueous medium	4.1
Learn about specific examples of on-water reactions	4.2
Diels–Alder reaction	4.2.1
Passerini reaction	4.2.2
A sampler of other “on-water” reactions	4.2.3

4.1 TYPES OF REACTIONS IN AQUEOUS MEDIUM AND ASSOCIATED NOMENCLATURE

We start with the simplest and most familiar concept of organic reactions in water. Some categories of organic compounds ...

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