JPA
JPA first appeared in 2006 (the latest version, 2.2, was released in 2013, and sometimes it is called JPA2), and it aims to describe relational data management in Java applications. Nowadays, JPA is a standard that defines how applications organize a persistence layer. It consists of the API itself and Java Persistence Query Language (JPQL). JPQL is an SQL-like platform-independent language that queries JPA entity objects through repositories instead of databases.
In contrast with JDBC, which is a standard for database access, JPA is a standard for Object Relational Mapping (ORM), which allows mapping objects in code to tables in a database. ORM usually uses JDBC and on-flight generated SQL queries under the hood, but this mechanic is ...
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