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High Frequency Over-the-Horizon Radar

Name: High Frequency Over-the-Horizon Radar
Author: Dr. Giuseppe Fabrizio
ISBN: 9780071621403

by Dr. Giuseppe Fabrizio

July 2013

Intermediate to advanced

512 pages

37h 5m

English

McGraw-Hill

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Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
About the Author
Contents at a Glance
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1. Background and Motivation1.1.1. Line-of-Sight Radars1.1.2. Coverage Limitations1.1.3. Beyond the Horizon1.2. OTH Radar Principles1.2.1. Operational Concept1.2.2. General Characteristics1.2.3. Practical Applications1.3. HF Radar Equation1.3.1. Slant Range1.3.2. Transmit Power1.3.3. Antenna Gains1.3.4. Target RCS1.3.5. Integration Time1.3.6. Total Losses1.3.7. Propagation Factor1.3.8. Ambient Noise1.3.9. Numerical Example1.4. Nominal System Capabilities1.4.1. Minimum and Maximum Range1.4.2. Dwell Illumination Region1.4.3. Resolution and Accuracy

Part I: Fundamental Principles
Chapter 2: Skywave Propagation
2.1. The Ionosphere2.1.1. Historical Overview2.1.2. Formation and Structure2.1.3. The D-, E-, and F-Regions2.2. Spatial and Temporal Variability2.2.1. Radio Sounding at Vertical Incidence2.2.2. Measurements and Models2.2.3. Disturbances and Storms2.3. Oblique Propagation2.3.1. Equivalence Relationships2.3.2. Point-to-Point Links2.3.3. Frequency, Elevation, and Ground Range2.4. Ionospheric Modes2.4.1. Ordinary and Extraordinary Waves2.4.2. Multipath Propagation2.4.3. Amplitude and Phase Fading
Chapter 3: System Characteristics
3.1. Preliminary Considerations3.1.1. Configuration and Site Selection3.1.2. Radar Waveforms3.1.3. Out-of-Band Emissions3.2. Radar Architecture3.2.1. Transmit System3.2.2. Receive System3.2.3. Array Calibration
3.3. Frequency Management
3.3.1. Propagation-Path Assessment3.3.2. Channel Occupancy and Noise3.3.3. Ionospheric Mode Structure3.4. Historical Perspective3.4.1. Past and Present Systems3.4.2. OTH Radar in Australia3.4.3. Future Prospects
Chapter 4: Conventional Processing
4.1. Signal Environment4.1.1. Target Echoes4.1.2. Clutter Returns4.1.3. Noise and Interference4.2. Standard Routines4.2.1. Pulse Compression4.2.2. Array Beamforming
4.2.3. Doppler Processing
4.3. Operational Considerations4.3.1. Air and Surface Tasks4.3.2. Transient Disturbance Mitigation4.3.3. Data Extrapolation and Signal Conditioning4.4. Detection and Tracking4.4.1. Constant False-Alarm Rate Processing4.4.2. Threshold Detection and Peak Estimation4.4.3. Tracking and Coordinate Registration
Chapter 5: Surface-Wave Radar
5.1. General Characteristics5.1.1. Principle of Operation5.1.2. Architecture and Capabilities5.1.3. Practical Applications5.2. Propagation Mechanism5.2.1. Short and Long Distances5.2.2. Tropospheric Refraction5.2.3. Surface Roughness and Heterogeneity5.3. Environmental Factors5.3.1. Sea Clutter
5.3.2. Ionospheric Clutter
5.3.3. Interference and Noise5.4. Practical Implementation5.4.1. Configuration and Siting5.4.2. Radar Subsystems5.4.3. Signal and Data Processing5.5. Operational Considerations5.5.1. Radar Cross Section5.5.2. Multi-Frequency Operation5.5.3. Example Systems
Part II: Signal Description
Chapter 6: Wave-Interference Model
6.1. Deterministic Description6.1.1. Background and Scope6.1.2. Gross Structure of Composite Wavefields6.1.3. Fine Structure of Individual Modes6.2. Channel Scattering Function6.2.1. Ionospheric Mode Identification6.2.2. Nominal Mode Parameters6.2.3. Fine Structure Observations6.3. Resolving Fine Structure6.3.1. Signal Representation6.3.2. Parameter Estimation6.3.3. Space-Time MUSIC6.4. Experimental Results6.4.1. Preliminary Data Analysis6.4.2. Model-Fitting Accuracy6.4.3. Summary and Discussion
Chapter 7: Statistical Signal Model
7.1. Stationary Processes7.1.1. Background and Scope7.1.2. Measurements on HF Signals7.1.3. Extension to Antenna Arrays7.2. Diffuse Scattering7.2.1. Mathematical Representation7.2.2. Varying Ionospheric Structure7.2.3. Auto-Correlation Functions7.3. Temporal Statistics7.3.1. Parameter Estimation Method7.3.2. Hypothesis Acceptance Test7.3.3. Spatial Homogeneity Assumption7.4. Spatial and Space-Time Statistics7.4.1. Correlation Coefficients7.4.2. Mean Plane Wavefront7.4.3. Space-Time Separability
Chapter 8: HF Channel Simulator
8.1. Point and Extended Sources8.1.1. Traditional Array-Processing Models8.1.2. Coherent and Incoherent Ray Distributions8.1.3. Parametric Localization of Distributed Signals8.2. Generalized Watterson Model8.2.1. Mathematical Formulation and Interpretation8.2.2. Temporal and Spatial Fluctuations8.2.3. Expected Second-Order Statistics8.3. Parameter-Estimation Techniques8.3.1. Standard Identification Procedures8.3.2. Matched-Field MUSIC Algorithm8.3.3. Polynomial Rooting Method8.4. Real-Data Application8.4.1. Closed-Form Least Squares8.4.2. Subspace-Based Approach8.4.3. Summary and Discussion
Chapter 9: Interference Cancelation Analysis
9.1. Interference and Noise Mitigation9.1.1. Spatial Processing9.1.2. Popular Techniques9.1.3. HF Applications9.2. Standard Adaptive Beamforming9.2.1. Sample Matrix Inverse Technique9.2.2. Practical Implementation Schemes9.2.3. Alternative Time-Varying Approach9.3. Instantaneous Performance Analysis9.3.1. Real-Data Collection9.3.2. Intra-CPI Performance Analysis9.3.3. Output SINR Improvement9.4. Statistical Performance Analysis9.4.1. Framing Schemes9.4.2. Batch Schemes9.4.3. Operational Issues9.5. Simulated Performance Prediction9.5.1. Multi-Channel Model Parameters9.5.2. Impact of Wavefront Distortions9.5.3. Summary and Discussion
Part III: Processing Techniques
Chapter 10: Adaptive Beamforming
10.1. Essential Concepts10.1.1. Optimum and Adaptive Filters10.1.2. Homogeneous Gaussian Case10.1.3. Real-World Environments10.2. Problem Formulation10.2.1. Interference and Clutter Mitigation10.2.2. Multi-Channel Data Model10.2.3. Standard Adaptive Beamforming10.3. Time-Varying Approaches10.3.1. Stochastic Constraints10.3.2. Time-Varying Spatial Adaptive Processing10.3.3. Experimental Results10.4. Post-Doppler Techniques10.4.1. Motivating Practical Application10.4.2. Range-Dependent Adaptive Beamforming10.4.3. Extended Data Analysis
Chapter 11: Space-Time Adaptive Processing
11.1. STAP Architectures11.1.1. Slow-Time STAP11.1.2. Fast-Time STAP11.1.3. 3D-STAP11.2. Data Model11.2.1. Composite Signal11.2.2. Cold Clutter11.2.3. Hot Clutter11.3. Mitigation Techniques11.3.1. Standard Schemes11.3.2. Alternative Procedures11.3.3. Simulation Results11.4. Post-Doppler STAP Implementation11.4.1. Algorithm Description11.4.2. Experimental Results11.4.3. Discussion
Chapter 12: GLRT Detection Schemes
12.1. Problem Description12.1.1. Background and Motivation12.1.2. Traditional Hypothesis Test12.1.3. Alternative Binary Tests12.2. Measurement Models12.2.1. Disturbance Process12.2.2. Useful Signal12.2.3. Coherent Interference12.3. Processing Schemes12.3.1. One-and Two-Step GLRT12.3.2. Partially Homogeneous Case12.3.3. Joint Data-Set Detection12.4. Practical Applications12.4.1. Spatial Processing12.4.2. Temporal Processing12.4.3. Hybrid Technique
Chapter 13: Blind Waveform Estimation
13.1. Problem Formulation13.1.1. Multipath Model13.1.2. Processing Objectives13.1.3. Motivating Example13.2. Standard Techniques13.2.1. Blind System Identification13.2.2. Blind Signal Separation13.2.3. Discussion13.3. GEMS Algorithm13.3.1. Noiseless Case13.3.2. Operational Procedure13.3.3. Computational Complexity13.4. SIMO Experiment13.4.1. Data Collection13.4.2. Signal-Copy Methods13.4.3. Application of GEMS13.5. MIMO Experiment13.5.1. Data Collection13.5.2. Source and Multipath Separation13.5.3. Radar Application13.6. Single-Site Geolocation13.6.1. Background and Motivation13.6.2. Data Collection13.6.3. Geolocation Method13.6.4. Summary and Future Work
Part IV: Appendixes and Bibliography
Appendix A: Sample ACS Distribution
Appendix B: Space-Time Separability
Appendix C: Modal Decomposition
Bibliography
Index

Content preview from High Frequency Over-the-Horizon Radar

CHAPTER 1

Introduction

Skywave over-the-horizon (OTH) radars operate in the high-frequency (HF) band (3-30 MHz) and exploit signal reflection from the ionosphere to detect and track airborne and surface targets at ranges an order of magnitude greater than is possible with conventional line-of-sight radars. More than half a century of international research and development in this area has resulted in the fielding of mature OTH radar systems capable of cost-effective early-warning surveillance over wide areas. In particular, the ability of OTH radar to persistently monitor remote geographical regions where microwave radar coverage is not feasible ...

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High Frequency Over-the-Horizon Radar

by Dr. Giuseppe Fabrizio

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