April 2020
Intermediate to advanced
816 pages
18h 32m
Chinese
Content preview from 精通機器學習
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741
附錄
E
其他流行的
ANN
結構
在這個附錄中
，
我要快速介紹一些在歷史上很重要
，
但現在比深度多層感知器
（
第
10
章
）、
摺積神經網路
（
第
14
章
）、
遞迴神經網路
（
第
15
章
）
或自動編碼網路
（
第
17
章
）
更罕見的神經網路結構
。
它們在文獻中很常見
，
有些仍然在部分的應用領域中使用
，
所以
值得介紹
。
此外
，
我也會探討
深度信念網路
（deep belief nets），
它在
2010
年代早期曾經
是最先進的深度學習技術
，
現在仍然是活躍的研究主題
，
所以未來很有可能會捲土重來
。
Hopfield
網路
Hopfield
網路
最初是
W. A. Little
在
1974
年提出的
，J. Hopfield
在
1982
年讓它廣為人知
。
它們是
聯想記憶
（associative memory）
網路
：
你必須先教導它們一些模式
，
當它們看到新
模式時
，
它們
（
希望
）
會輸出之前學過而且最近似的模式
。
所以它們特別適合用來辨識字
元
，
在被其他方法超越之前
：
你要在訓練網路時讓它看一些字元圖片
（
每一個二元像素對
映至一個神經元
），
接著讓它看新的字元圖片
，
經過幾次迭代
，
它就會輸出學過且最近似
的字元
。
Hopfield
網路是全連接圖
（
見圖
E-1），
也就是說
，
每一個神經元都會連接每一個其他的神
經元
。
要注意的是
，
在圖中
，
圖片是
6 × 6
像素
，
所以左邊的神經網路應該有
36
個神經元
（
與
630
條連結
），
但我用一個小很多的網路來清楚地展示它
。
742
|
附錄 E：其他流行的 ANN 結構
輸出輸入
輸入
模式
穩定
模式
Σ Σ
Σ
Σ
Σ Σ
圖
E-1 Hopfield
網路
這種訓練演算法使用
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O’Reilly covers everything we've got, with content to help us build a world-class technology community, upgrade the capabilities and competencies of our teams, and improve overall team performance as well as their engagement.Julian F.
I wanted to learn C and C++, but it didn't click for me until I picked up an O'Reilly book. When I went on the O’Reilly platform, I was astonished to find all the books there, plus live events and sandboxes so you could play around with the technology.Addison B.
I’ve been on the O’Reilly platform for more than eight years. I use a couple of learning platforms, but I'm on O'Reilly more than anybody else. When you're there, you start learning. I'm never disappointed.Amir M.
I'm always learning. So when I got on to O'Reilly, I was like a kid in a candy store. There are playlists. There are answers. There's on-demand training. It's worth its weight in gold, in terms of what it allows me to do.