April 2020
Intermediate to advanced
816 pages
18h 32m
Chinese
Content preview from 精通機器學習
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第十章：以 Keras 介紹人工神經網路
從生物神經元到人工神經元
出人意外的是
，ANN
在很久以前就出現了
，
早在
1943
年
，
神經生理學家
Warren
McCulloch
和數學家
Walter Pitts
就提出這種結構了
，
他們在里程碑論文
（https://homl.
info/43
）
2
「A Logical Calculus of Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity」
中提出一個簡化的計
算模型
，
描述動物大腦的生物神經元如何互相配合
，
使用
命題邏輯
（propositional logic）
來
執行複雜的計算
。
這是史上第一種人工神經網路結構
。
從此之後
，
有許多其他的結構被發
明出來
，
接下來將會介紹
。
ANN
在早期的成功讓人們普遍相信
，
我們很快就會與真正的智慧機器進行對話
。
在
1960
年代
，
當這個展望明顯無法實現時
（
至少在一段時間內
），
研究資金開始流往別處
，ANN
進入了漫長的寒冬
。
在
1980
年代早期
，
有人發明新的結構並且開發更好的訓練技術
，
重
新燃起人們對
連結主義
（connectionism）（
神經網路學
）
的興趣
。
但是這個領域的進展緩
慢
，
在
1990
年代
，
有人發明了其他強大的機器學習技術
，
例如支援向量機
（
見第
5
章
），
這些技術似乎可以提供比
ANN
更好的結果
，
並且具備更強大的理論基礎
，
所以神經網路
的研究再次被擱置了
。
我們現在正在見證
ANN
的另一波風潮
，
這一波浪潮會不會跟之前一樣消失
？
有一些理由
讓我們相信這次不一樣
，
人們對
ANN
重新燃起的興趣
，
將會對生活產生更深遠的影響
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