August 2021
Intermediate to advanced
450 pages
4h 46m
Chinese
Content preview from 面向对象的思考过程（原书第5版）
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8.3.2 接口
在定义接口之前，请注意C++没有叫作接口的结构体。当使用C++时，你可以使用抽象类的语法子集创建一个接口。例如，以下的C++代码是一个抽象类。然而由于该类中的唯一一个方法是一个虚方法，所以没有任何实现。结果该抽象类提供了与接口相同的功能。
接口术语
这又一次造成了软件术语的混淆，而且非常混淆。请注意你可以在不同场景下使用术语接口，所以请确保在正确的上下文中使用它。
第一，当涉及用户交互的可视化接口（比如和显示器）时，会广泛使用图形化用户接口（GUI）。
第二，类的接口基本上是指其方法签名。
第三，在Objective-C和Swift语言中，接口和实现会将代码在物理上分割为不同的模块。
第四，接口和协议本质上是父类和子类之间的契约。
你还能想出其他关于接口的概念吗？
这有个明显的问题，如果抽象类能够提供与接口一样的功能，那么为什么Java和.NET还要提供名为接口的结构呢？而且为什么Objective-C和Swift提供协议？
一方面，C++支持多重继承，而Java、Objective-C和.NET却不支持。尽管Java、Objective-C和.NET类只能继承自一个父类，但它们可以实现多个接口。使用多个抽象类构成了多重继承。所以Java和.NET并不支持多重继承。总之，当使用接口时，你无须考虑正式的继承体系，如果设计上是合理的，理论上你可以为任何类添加接口。而抽象类要求你继承自该抽象类，并且延伸至其自身所有可能的父类。
圆
基于这些考虑，接口往往作为缺少多重继承情况下的一种替代方案。不过从技术角度来说并不是这样。接口是独立的设计技术，虽然使用多重继承也可以完成对应用程序的设计，但接口并不是替代或回避使用多重继承。 ...
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