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and the possibility of direct radiation from transmitters must not be
ignored.
A circulator is a uni-directional device with either three or four
ports as shown in Figure 19.3(a). A signal entering at port 1 will leave
at port 2 but not at ports 3 or 4. Similarly, a signal entering at port 2
will leave at port 3 but not ports 1 or 4. Circulators are used for com-
bining the outputs of transmitters for application to a single antenna
but if a three-port circulator is connected as in Figure 19.3(b) it forms
an isolator. Typical isolation over a 1.5% bandwidth is 20–30 dB with
an insertion loss of 0.7 dB.
19.9 Antenna multi-coupling
The sharing of antennas ...