CHAPTER 8
CONTROLLING
CHAPTER AT A GLANCE
Introduction
Controlling is a crucial managerial function that plays a pivotal role in the management process alongside planning, organizing, and leading. It involves the systematic process of regulating organizational activities to ensure that actual performance aligns with planned objectives. In essence, controlling serves as a feedback mechanism that enables managers to monitor, evaluate, and adjust activities to achieve desired outcomes.
The process of controlling begins with the establishment of standards and benchmarks, which serve as the criteria for evaluating performance. These standards can be derived from organizational goals, plans, and predetermined targets. Subsequently, managers measure ...
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