Producing High-Quality Figures Using SAS/GRAPH and ODS Graphics Procedures

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10

Forest Plots

10.1 Introduction

Forest plots show the estimates (e.g., mean values, odds ratios, hazard ratios,

etc.) and the amount of variation (e.g., 95% condence intervals) at differ-

ent endpoints (measurement time, studies, adverse event, etc.). Forest plots

in various forms have been published for more than 20 years, but have

gained identity and popularity in the past 15 years (Bursac, 2010). In clinical

research, forest plots can be used to display the mean and its associated 95%

condence interval (CI) for treatment difference from different endpoints in

efcacy analyses and to display the odds ratio and its associated 95% CI for ...