2.0 INTRODUCTION2.1 GENERAL SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT2.2 PROJECT MANAGEMENT: 1945–19602.3 PROJECT MANAGEMENT: 1960–19852.4 PROJECT MANAGEMENT: 1985–20092.5 RESISTANCE TO CHANGE2.6 SYSTEMS, PROGRAMS, AND PROJECTS: A DEFINITION2.7 PRODUCT VERSUS PROJECT MANAGEMENT: A DEFINITION2.8 MATURITY AND EXCELLENCE: A DEFINITION2.9 INFORMAL PROJECT MANAGEMENT: A DEFINITION2.10 THE MANY FACES OF SUCCESS2.11 THE MANY FACES OF FAILURE2.12 THE STAGE-GATE PROCESS2.13 PROJECT LIFE CYCLES2.14 GATE REVIEW MEETINGS (PROJECT CLOSURE)2.15 PROJECT MANAGEMENT METHODOLOGIES: A DEFINITION2.16 ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE MANAGEMENT AND CORPORATE CULTURES2.17 PROJECT MANAGEMENT INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY2.18 SYSTEMS THINKING2.19 STUDYING TIPS FOR THE PMI® PROJECT MANAGEMENT CERTIFICATION EXAMANSWERSPROBLEMS