December 2023
Intermediate to advanced
846 pages
26h 46m
English
Nowadays there is considerable interest in audio circuitry that can run from +5 V, typically obtained from a USB port. It is expected that reasonable quality will be obtained; what might be called five-volt fidelity. Since there is only a single +5 V rail available, the maximum possible peak voltage is clearly ±2.5 V, equivalent to 1.77 Vrms or +7.16 dBu (this calculation obviously ignores opamp output saturation voltages). A slew rate of only 0.31 V/us is enough to give this maximum output at 20 kHz.
When the usual ±17 V rails are used, you get a maximum level of 12.02 Vrms or +23.81 dBu. Five-volt audio gives a maximum level that is 16.6 ...
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