May 2025
Beginner to intermediate
578 pages
7h 33m
Chinese
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第 5 章 关键绩效指标
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让我们来谈谈数据可视化中另一个有争议的话题：关键绩效指标（KPI）。关键绩效指标之所以引起争议，是因为你只展示了一个数字，事实上，你根本没有使用任何特定的可视化方式--你只是以文本的形式展示了一个数字或数值。不过，文字也是一门艺术，在本章中，我们将讨论创建 KPI 的艺术。
这类分析有助于回答常见的业务问题，如以下问题：
我们这个月的收入是多少？
我们上个月的筹款目标达到了吗？
发货时间与去年同期相比如何？
我们的八折促销活动有哪些优惠？
利润率随时间（以时间为维度）如何变化？
几乎每个使用数据的组织都会使用关键绩效指标。这是因为组织内制定的目标通常使用单一指标来衡量。该指标的定义通常由领导者制定，并作为时间快照定期进行审查。作为仪表盘的开发者，你的工作就是随时提供这一指标。关键绩效指标通常在一个时间点上进行衡量，无论是一周、一个月还是一年。因此，对于任何仪表盘开发人员来说，了解关键绩效指标所包含的特定时间以及如何精确测量该指标极为重要。
制定有用的关键绩效指标意味着提供的不仅仅是一个数字，还意味着为该指标提供更多的背景信息。这种上下文的形式可以是月度或年度间的百分比变化，也可以是sparkline（一种非常小的折线图，通常不带坐标轴或坐标）或其他不带坐标轴或标签的微图表的一部分。
现在，并非收集到的每个数据点或创建的每个仪表板都需要 KPI，但无论你的受众是高管、销售人员还是在车间工作的机械师，他们很可能都在使用自己的 KPI。每个人都会认识到，他们的关键绩效指标只是衡量的一个要素，而关键绩效指标往往无法阐明实际结果的驱动因素。
例如，高管可能对盈利能力的增长感兴趣。即使是简单的盈利能力增长，也有几个驱动因素：当期销售额、前期销售额、当期成本和前期成本。机械师可能会用生产单位数量来衡量生产率，但他必须结合实际情况来考虑这个数字。某个月的生产单位可能会因休假时间、维修造成的机床停机时间或零件的复杂程度而有所不同。
请记住，根据指标和受众的不同，关键绩效指标的检查频率也不同。机械师可能每隔 15 分钟就会观察一次测量仪，以确保机器不会因故障而降低产出，因为机械师的工作是保证机器当下的运转。执行人员可能每月检查一次工厂产出，因为他们的工作是指导组织的长期未来，需要关注数十个指标。
每个人都会使用关键绩效指标，但作为独立数值的关键绩效指标往往无法提供足够的背景信息。当前值是数据中一个异常的峰值，还是其性能的一致性？作为开发人员，您不仅有义务分享 KPI，而且有义务利用有助于决策的上下文功能来增强 KPI。扪心自问
与上一个关键绩效指标的测量值相比，该值向哪个方向移动？
您的关键绩效指标的一年趋势如何？
该 KPI 是否越过了阈值，需要发出警报？
使用指标来显示方向性、显示火花线并添加颜色；不要让 KPI 孤立存在。请记住，您是开发人员，您需要支持 KPI 的正确使用！
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O’Reilly covers everything we've got, with content to help us build a world-class technology community, upgrade the capabilities and competencies of our teams, and improve overall team performance as well as their engagement.Julian F.
I wanted to learn C and C++, but it didn't click for me until I picked up an O'Reilly book. When I went on the O’Reilly platform, I was astonished to find all the books there, plus live events and sandboxes so you could play around with the technology.Addison B.
I’ve been on the O’Reilly platform for more than eight years. I use a couple of learning platforms, but I'm on O'Reilly more than anybody else. When you're there, you start learning. I'm never disappointed.Amir M.
I'm always learning. So when I got on to O'Reilly, I was like a kid in a candy store. There are playlists. There are answers. There's on-demand training. It's worth its weight in gold, in terms of what it allows me to do.